1. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

2. How Wolves Change Rivers

3. Summarize the effects of the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park. Be specific: What changes have been seen with regards to plants, animals, and physical landscape? What type of species is the wolf? Chapter 4 Summarize this series of events on an index card. Use specific, detailed language.

4. 5-1 How Do Species Interact? Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

5. Principle of Competitive Exclusion No two species can occupy the same ecological niche for long. The species that is more efficient in using available resources will exclude the other. The other species disappears or develops a new niche, exploiting resources differently. Resource Partitioning

6. Species Interact in Five Major Ways Interspecific Competition Members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources, such as food water, light, and space. Predation A member of one species (the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species (the prey). Parasitism One organism (the parasite) feeds on another organism, usually by living on or in the host. Mutualism An interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource. Commensalism An interaction that benefits one species but has little of no effect on the other.

7. With a partner … Come up with two examples of each type of species interaction. Write them down to share.

8. Resource Partitioning Among Warblers Fig. 5-2, p. 106

9. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) Prey may avoid capture by 1.Run, swim, fly 2.Protection: shells, bark, thorns 3.Camouflage 4.Chemical warfare 5.Warning coloration 6.Mimicry 7.Deceptive looks 8.Deceptive behavior

10. Fig. 5-5a, p. 109 (a) Span worm Camouflage

11. Fig. 5-5b, p. 109 (b) Wandering leaf insect Camouflage

12. Fig. 5-5c, p. 109 (c) Bombardier beetle Chemical warfare

13. Fig. 5-5d, p. 109 (d) monarch butterfly Chemical Warfare+Warning Coloration

14. Fig. 5-5e, p. 109 (e) Poison dart frog Chemical Warfare+Warning Coloration

15. Fig. 5-5f, p. 109 (f) Viceroy butterfly Biomimicry

16. Fig. 5-5g, p. 109 (g) Io moth Deceptive looks

17. Fig. 5-5h, p. 109 (h) Snake caterpillar Deceptive behavior: When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake.

18. Biomimicry The Indonesian Mimic Octopus

19. Do all predators kill their prey? Explain.

20. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations Coevolution Interact over a long period of time Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths

21. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

22. Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them Parasitism Parasite is usually much smaller than the host Parasite rarely kills the host Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution

23. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110

24. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit Mutualism Nutrition and protection relationship Gut inhabitant mutualism Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation

25. Fig. 5-8, p. 110 Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower

26. Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish Fig. 5-9, p. 111

27. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed Commensalism Epiphytes Birds nesting in trees

28. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

29. Catching up on HW … #2, p. 122 Another one to do now: #3 p. 123

30. 5-2 What Limits the Growth of Populations? Concept 5-2 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.

31. Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests Kelp forests: biologically diverse marine habitat Major threats to kelp forests 1.Sea urchins 2.Pollution from water run-off 3.Global warming Kelp Forest Facts (NOAA)

32. Purple Sea Urchin Fig. 5-A, p. 108

33. Science Focus: Why Do California’s Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future? Low biotic potential Prey for orcas Cat parasites Thorny-headed worms Toxic algae blooms PCBs and other toxins Oil spills

34. Population Size of Southern Sea Otters Off the Coast of Southern California Fig. 5-B, p. 114

35. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (1) Population: group of interbreeding individuals of the same species Population distribution 1.Clumping 2.Uniform dispersion 3.Random dispersion

36. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (2) Why clumping? 1.Species tend to cluster where resources are available 2.Groups have a better chance of finding clumped resources 3.Protects some animals from predators 4.Packs allow some to get prey

37. Generalized Dispersion Patterns Fig. 5-12, p. 112

38. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1) Population size governed by Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

39. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (2) Age structure Pre-reproductive age Reproductive age Post-reproductive age

40. Factors That Can Limit Population Size Range of tolerance Variations in physical and chemical environment Limiting factor principle (Index Card) Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance. Precipitation Nutrients Sunlight, etc.

41. Trout Tolerance of Temperature Fig. 5-13, p. 113

42. For humans, what is an example of a range of tolerance for a physical environmental factor?

43. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (1) Size of populations controlled by limiting factors. Precipitation Soil nutrients Light Space Temperature Dissolved oxygen content (aquatic systems) Salinity—amounts of salts dissolved in water (aquatic systems)

44. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (2) Environmental resistance All factors that act to limit the growth of a population Carrying capacity (K) Maximum population a given habitat can sustain indefinitely.

45. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (3) Exponential growth Starts slowly, then accelerates to carrying capacity when meets environmental resistance Logistic growth Decreased population growth rate as population size reaches carrying capacity

46. Logistic Growth of Sheep in Tasmania Fig. 5-15, p. 115

47. Questions Is the carrying capacity of an area for a given species fixed? Why or why not? What is the carrying capacity of the earth for humans? Have we reached it? Will we ever? What could lead to an increased carrying capacity? Decreased?

48. Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834 Humans need certain resources (e.g., air, food, water, and shelter). A sustainable habitat is one in which supply of and demand for these resources are balanced. The problem is the difference in growth patterns between the human population and food production. The human population tends to grow exponentially The food supply will only grow linearly. In this model, humans are bound to outgrow the Earth's resources. Many have argued that Malthus was wrong because he did not take into account human technology, but even that is being called into question by some.

49. Case Study: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Population in the U.S. 1900: deer habitat destruction and uncontrolled hunting 1920s–1930s: laws to protect the deer Current population explosion for deer Spread Lyme disease Deer-vehicle accidents Eating garden plants and shrubs Why the population explosion?

50. Population Graphs: White-Tailed Deer

51. When a Population Exceeds Its Habitat’s Carrying Capacity, Its Population Can Crash A population exceeds the area’s carrying capacity Reproductive time lag may lead to overshoot Population crash Damage may reduce area’s carrying capacity

52. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (1) Some species (such as?): Many, usually small, offspring Little or no parental care Massive deaths of offspring

53. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (2) Other species (such as?): Reproduce later in life Small number of offspring with long life spans Young offspring grow inside mother Long time to maturity Protected by parents, and potentially groups

54. r-selected and K-selected species

55. Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size Density-dependent population controls Predation Parasitism Infectious disease Competition for resources

56. Are modern humans exempt from nature’s population controls?

57. Humans Are Not Exempt from Nature’s Population Controls Ireland Potato crop in 1845 Bubonic plague Fourteenth century AIDS Global epidemic

58. 5-3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? Concept 5-3 The structure and species composition of communities and ecosystems change in response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession.

59. Communities and Ecosystems Change over Time: Ecological Succession Natural ecological restoration Primary succession Secondary succession Video: What’s the difference?

60. Some Ecosystems Start from Scratch: Primary Succession No soil in a terrestrial system No bottom sediment in an aquatic system Takes hundreds to thousands of years Need to build up soils/sediments to provide necessary nutrients Example of what would lead to primary succession?

61. Primary Ecological Succession Fig. 5-19, p. 119

62. Primary Ecological Succession

63. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (1) Some soil remains in a terrestrial system Some bottom sediment remains in an aquatic system Ecosystem has been Disturbed Removed Destroyed

64. Natural Ecological Restoration of Disturbed Land Fig. 5-20, p. 120

65. Secondary Succession

66. Secondary Ecological Succession in Yellowstone Following the 1998 Fire Fig. 5-21, p. 120

67. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (2) Primary and secondary succession Tend to increase biodiversity Increase species richness and interactions among species Primary and secondary succession can be interrupted by Fires Hurricanes Clear-cutting of forests Plowing of grasslands Invasion by nonnative species

68. Succession Doesn’t Follow a Predictable Path Traditional view Balance of nature and a climax community Current view Ever-changing mosaic of patches of vegetation Mature late-successional ecosystems State of continual disturbance and change

69. Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change Inertia, persistence Ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances Resilience Ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance Some systems have one property, but not the other: tropical rainforests

70. Krakatau How high did the ash, rock and magma rise during the volcanic eruption at Krakatau? What about the sulfates and dust? How would the local and global impacts from these different sorts of particles have differed? How did most species colonize Krakatau in the first months following the eruption? Give examples of three species that tend to be early colonizers. How did larger species reach the island after the volcano erupted (reptiles, amphibians, mammals, large insects)? Describe four means of transport for larger species.

71. Krakatau, cont. Describe the pattern of plant colonization on Rakata. How do Rakata’s forests differ from other Indonesian island forests today? Describe an example from the text that shows inertia (persistence) in nature. Then describe an example that shows resilience.

72. Three Big Ideas 1.Certain interactions among species affect their use of resources and their population sizes. 2.There are always limits to population growth in nature. 3.Changes in environmental conditions cause communities and ecosystems to gradually alter their species composition and population sizes (ecological succession).