1. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

2. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? Habitat Hunted: early 1900s Partial recovery Why care about sea otters? Ethics Tourism dollars Keystone species

3. Southern Sea Otter Fig. 5-1a, p. 104

4. 5-1 How Do Species Interact? Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

5. Species Interact in Five Major Ways Interspecific Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

6. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources

7. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources Resource partitioning

8. Fig. 5-2, p. 106 Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler

9. Fig. 5-3, p. 107 Fruit and seed eatersInsect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialaoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Maui Parrotbill Apapane Unknown finch ancestor

10. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) Predators may capture prey by 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

11. Predator-Prey Relationships Fig. 5-4, p. 107

12. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) Prey may avoid capture by 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

13. (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly (e) Poison dart frog Stepped Art (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. (a) Span worm(b) Wandering leaf insect (c) Bombardier beetle (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. Fig. 5-5, p. 109

14. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations Coevolution

15. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

16. Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them Parasitism

17. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110

18. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit Mutualism Nutrition and protection relationship Gut inhabitant mutualism Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation

19. Fig. 5-8, p. 110 Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower

20. Fig. 5-9a, p. 111 (a) Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros

21. Fig. 5-9b, p. 111 (b) Clownfish and sea anemone

22. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed Commensalism

23. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

24. 5-2 What Limits the Growth of Populations? Concept 5-2 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.

25. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (1) Population: Population distribution 1. 2. 3.

26. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (2) Why clumping?

27. Population of Snow Geese Fig. 5-11, p. 112

28. Generalized Dispersion Patterns Fig. 5-12, p. 112

29. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1) Population size governed by Population change =

30. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (2) Age structure

31. Some Factors Can Limit Population Size Range of tolerance Variations in physical and chemical environment Limiting factor principle Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance Precipitation Nutrients Sunlight, etc

32. Trout Tolerance of Temperature Fig. 5-13, p. 113

33. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (1) Size of populations controlled by limiting factors:

34. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (2) Environmental resistance Carrying capacity (K)

35. No Population Can Grow Indefinitely: J-Curves and S-Curves (3) Exponential growth Logistic growth

36. Fig. 5-15, p. 115 2.0 Population overshoots carrying capacity Carrying capacity 1.5 Population recovers and stabilizes Number of sheep (millions).5 Exponential growth Population runs out of resources and crashes 1.0 180018251850187519001925 Year

37. Science Focus: Why Do California’s Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future? Low biotic potential Prey for orcas Cat parasites Thorny-headed worms Toxic algae blooms PCBs and other toxins Oil spills

38. Population Size of Southern Sea Otters Off the Coast of So. California (U.S.) Fig. 5-B, p. 114

39. Case Study: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Population in the U.S. 1900: deer habitat destruction and uncontrolled hunting 1920s–1930s: laws to protect the deer Current population explosion for deer Spread Lyme disease Deer-vehicle accidents Eating garden plants and shrubs Ways to control the deer population

40. Mature Male White-Tailed Deer Fig. 5-16, p. 115

41. When a Population Exceeds Its Habitat’s Carrying Capacity, Its Population Can Crash A population exceeds the area’s carrying capacity Reproductive time lag may lead to overshoot Population crash Damage may reduce area’s carrying capacity

42. Fig. 5-17, p. 116 2,000 Population overshoots carrying capacity 1,500 Population crashes 1,000 500 Carrying capacity Number of reindeer 19101920193019401950 0 Year

43. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (1) Some species r-Selection Strategy

44. Species Have Different Reproductive Patterns (2) Other species K-Selection Strategy

45. Under Some Circumstances Population Density Affects Population Size Density-dependent population controls

46. Several Different Types of Population Change Occur in Nature Stable Irruptive Cyclic fluctuations, boom-and-bust cycles Irregular

47. Fig. 5-18, p. 118 160 140 Hare Lynx 100 120 80 60 Population size (thousands) 20 40 1845185518651875188518951905191519251935 0 Year

48. Humans Are Not Exempt from Nature’s Population Controls Ireland Bubonic plague AIDS

49. 5-3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? Concept 5-3 The structure and species composition of communities and ecosystems change in response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession.

50. Communities and Ecosystems Change over Time: Ecological Succession Natural ecological restoration Primary succession Secondary succession

51. Some Ecosystems Start from Scratch: Primary Succession No soil in a terrestrial system No bottom sediment in an aquatic system Takes hundreds to thousands of years Need to build up soils/sediments to provide necessary nutrients

52. Time Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce forest community Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Heath mat Small herbs and shrubs Lichens and mosses Exposed rocks Stepped Art Fig. 5-19, p. 119

53. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (1) Some soil remains in a terrestrial system Some bottom sediment remains in an aquatic system Ecosystem has been Disturbed Removed Destroyed

54. Annual weeds Mature oak and hickory forest Young pine forest with developing understory of oak and hickory trees Time Shrubs and small pine seedlings Perennial weeds and grasses Stepped Art Fig. 5-20, p. 120

55. Secondary Ecological Succession in Yellowstone Following the 1998 Fire Fig. 5-21, p. 120

56. Some Ecosystems Do Not Have to Start from Scratch: Secondary Succession (2) Primary and secondary succession Primary and secondary succession can be interrupted by

57. Science Focus: How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession? Facilitation Inhibition Tolerance

58. Succession Doesn’t Follow a Predictable Path Traditional view Current view

59. Living Systems Are Sustained through Constant Change Inertia, persistence Resilience

60. Three Big Ideas 1.Certain interactions among species affect their use of resources and their population sizes. 2.There are always limits to population growth in nature. 3.Changes in environmental conditions cause communities and ecosystems to gradually alter their species composition and population sizes (ecological succession).