Organic Compounds: Biomolecules aka: Carbon Compounds

All Organic Compounds (Biomolecules) contain the element Carbon! The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Polymerization is the process of converting monomers into polymers. Monomers – building blocks of more complex molecules Polymers –many monomers

Four groups of organic compounds found in all living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

Carbohydrates – C, H, O What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of Energy Quick energy

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1 (like water) H:O is 2:1

Carbohydrates Different sizes of carbohydrates: *Monosaccharides – single sugars ex. Glucose *the most common sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 galactose and fructose * Disaccharides – two single sugars joined ex. Lactose & sucrose * Polysaccharides – 3 or more single sugars joined ex. Cellulose (in plant cells) Starch Glycogen (animal starch)

Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Glucose Starch Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen

Lipids – C, H, O many more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms compared to oxygen atoms Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes Steroids Cholesterol Waterproof coverings Cell membrane – lipid bilayer

Lipids Function: store energy Long term energy storage Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes (cell membrane) and waterproof coverings (cuticle on plants) Monomers: Fat – consist of glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Lipids

Proteins – C, H, O, N sometimes S, P  Held by Peptide bonds  Monomers of molecules called amino acids.

General formula for an amino acid -NH 2 is amino group -COOH is carboxyl Amino Acids: 20 common amino acids

Polymers of proteins Polypeptide – chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Some functions of proteins: Enzymes- Control rate of reactions  Enzymes are biological catalyst Used to form bones and muscles Transport & Communication: moves small molecules into or out of cells Help to fight disease (defense) – antibodies

Examples of Proteins: Amino Acids like alanine (end in –ine) Enzymes (end in –ase) Blood – hemoglobin Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, muscle Antibodies

Dehydration Synthesis Removal of water when two simpler substances join together

Hydrolysis Adding water to break apart a compound

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

Nucleic Acids: Monomers Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. *Genetic Blueprint* Examples and Polymers: ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)