1 Work in the 21 st Century: An Introduction to Industrial- Organizational Psychology by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 2/e

2 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology

3 Module 1.1: Fundamentals of I-O Psychology Importance of I-O psychology –Importance of work in people’s lives –? 1. According to Gardner (2002), what is the difference between “good work” and “good job?” What would be “good work” for you? –? 2. What do you think was David Morris’ most challenging problem in developing a battery of tests for his job in Iraq? What is I-O psychology? ? –3. Explain how the scientist-practitioner model differentiates HR, labor relations from I/O psychology. –SIOP (Division 14 of APA) –Fields of I-O psychology Personnel psychology Organizational psychology Human engineering

4 SIOP as a Resource –History of I-O psychology –Membership information (incl. students) –Quarterly newspaper: TIP –JobNet –Educational institutions that offer graduate training programs in I-O psychology –List of SIOP publications

5 How This Course Can Help You Knowledge about 21 st century workplace –Course will address issues such as work stress, work-family balance, workplace discrimination, & leadership ? 4. Add to the list of debatable questions on p. 12, an issue you believes needs to be addressed.

6 Module 1.2: The past, present, and future of I-O Psychology The Past – Important Dates/Events in I-O Psychology The Present – Demographics and Career Paths Future Challenges to I-O Psychology

7 Three branches ? 4. Which of the three branches of I-O is most interesting to you? Why? ? 5. What caused you to decide to study I-O psych?

8 Important Dates in the Evolution of I-O Psychology Figure 1.1 Important Dates in the Evolution of I-O Psychology

9 Brief History of I-O Psychology –Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham –World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests –1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to Lillian Gilbreth Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering

10 Why history? –? 1. How could a better understanding of I-O history helped to avoid wasting time with emotional intelligence? –? 2. What role did Harry Hollingworth play in Coca Cola’s success? –Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations –Human relations movement Theories of motivation Emotional world of the worker Studies of job satisfaction –WWII ? 3. Compare the skills needed to fly WWI and WWII aeroplanes. –Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII Brief History of I-O Psychology (cont'd)

11 Demographics of I-O Psychologists In 2000, I-O psychologists represented about 6% of all APA members In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA were women Average salaries: –Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000 –Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000

12 Where I-O Psychologists are Employed Figure 1.2 Where I-O Psychologists are Employed. Source: SIOP Survey (2002).

13 Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology Education & training Getting into a graduate program –Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s) –Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics) More emphasis on coursework than major

14 Challenges to I-O in 21 st Century I-O psychology needs to be: –Relevant –Useful –Grounded in scientific method

15 Changes in the Workplace Since 1980 Personal computing Telecommuting & virtual teams Videoconferencing Providing a service vs. manufacturing “goods” Nature of work more fluid Teams vs. the individual Little stability Family-friendly workplaces Greater diversity Global workplace Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

16 Module 1.3: Multicultural & Cross- Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology Multiculturalism –Culture defined System in which individuals share meaning & common ways of viewing events & objects Sharing of meanings & interpretations Royalty-Free/CORBIS

17 Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis) Figure 1.3 The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes across levels of culture

18 Multicultural Nature of Work in the 21 st Century –? 1. In the U.S. do Asian Americans, Africian Americans, European Americans hold different cultural values? If so, what are some of the differences? (CULTURE: “system in which individuals share meaning and common ways of viewing events and objects? Ronen, 1997) Why should multiculturalism be important to you? Why is multiculturalism important for I-O psychology? –Issues surrounding the global economy, expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality

19 Theory of Cultural Influence Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions Individualism/collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity/femininity Long-term vs. short-term orientation

20 Cultural Differences Among Countries Figure 1.4 Cultural Differences among Countries Source: Hofstede, 1993, p.91.

21 Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension of individualism/collectivism –Horizontal cultures – those that minimize distances between individuals –Vertical cultures – accept & depend on distances between individuals

22 Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis) Figure 1.5 Triandis’s View of Cultural Determinants in the Workplace

23 Module 1.4: Themes & Course Structure Themes: A) Unified Science B) Holistic Approach Parts of the book: 1)Introduction 2)Industrial Psychology 3)Organizational Psychology 4)Work Environment

24 Module 4 (cont’d) Resources –Paper (I-O Journals/Books) –Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., Case study –Provides example of complexity of work behavior