METHODS OF PRODUCING POWER

Methods of Producing Power  Traditional Sources  Wind  Water  Steam Engine  Internal Combustion Engine  Mechanical Power and its Measurement

Windmills - History  John Smeaton - Metal (1740s)  Edmund Lee -Automatic Fantail (1745)  Not Used Till 1800s  Very Little change from 1650s to 1850s  Gears - Typically Wooden Till 1800s  Power - 40 hp (1650s)  Primarily Northern Europe

Revolving Cap - Hallette (1830)

Revolving Body - End 19th Century

Windmills - Research  Antoine Parent (early 1700s)  Force  Force on Sail Proportional to  Velocity of Wind Squared  Sine of Angle Wind Hits Sail Squared  Best Angle = 54 degrees  Bernoulli, MacLaurin, d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)  Included Rotation of Sail  Angle of Sail Varies with Rotation Speed  Euler & d’Alembert (Mid 1700s)  Shape of Sail

Windmill - Research (continued)  Smeaton (1750s)  Experimental  Torque  Force  Verified Findings of MacLaurin & Euler  Dutch  Flared Sails  Concave Shape & Warped Surface  Optimum Design Without Theory

Smeaton’s Experiments (1750s)

Windmills - 19th Century  Metal Construction  Panemonian Mills  Vertical Shaft - Cone Shaped Vanes  Less Power & Longer Operation Times  Aeolian Mills  Horizontal or Slightly Inclined Shaft  Metal Construction  Variable Angle of Attack  Delamolere - Centrifugal Governor  Varying Angle of Attack  Limited Speed of Rotation During High Winds

Self-Regulating Device ( )

Pumps - Crank & Gear  Crank Fixed to Horizontal Shaft  Lift (Water) & Force (Air) Pumps  No Variation in Piston Displacement  Abandoned in Favor of Gears  La Hire Gear  Cogwheels & Crankshaft

Metal Windmill for Pumping Water (1830)

Wind Pump with La Hire Gear

Pumping Mechanism with Cogwheels and Crankshaft

Windmills - Modern History (Mid to Late 1900s)  Lightweight Materials  Precision Gearing  Precision Manufacturing  Highly Efficient Energy Conversion  Electrical Power Generation

Waterwheels - History  Horizontal Wheel - Greek  Oldest - For Speed  Vertical Wheel - Roman  Newer - For Power  England Became Leader (1800s)  John Smeaton  Powered Pre-Steam Industry  Types  Undershot, Breast, Overshot

Waterwheels - Research  Fluid Mechanics (1600s) Hydraulics (1700s)  Parent (Late 1600s)  Speed of Blades is 1/3 Speed of Water  Bernoulli (1727)  Pressure on Blades Proportional to Relative Velocity between Current and Blade Squared  Smeaton (1952 & 1953) & Bossut  Speed of Blades is 2/5 Speed of Water

Waterwheels - Research  Charles de Borda (1767)  Speed of Blades is 1/2 Speed of Water  Proportional to Speed of Water (Not Square)  Other Considerations  Diameter  Width to Depth of Blade  Spacing  Angle  Shape

Waterwheels - History  Undershot - Poncelet (1828)  Curved Vanes to Reduce Power Loss  Undershot - 30 % Efficient  Calculated Most Efficient Arrangement  Overshot  Required Large Gradient  Buckets Used Instead of Blades  Utilized Weight of Water & Momentum  Double the Efficiency of Undershot  Breast - Sagebien  Most Universal Design of Era

Breast Wheel (Early 19th Century)

Poncelet’s Wheel (1828)

Wooden Overshot Wheel (Early 19th Century)

Metal Overshot Wheel (1830s)

Sagebien’s Wheel (Middle of 19th Century)