Chapter 4, Section 1 Vocabulary Peninsula colony Polis agora

Geography of Greece Mainland Greece is a mountainous _____________. Peninsula—_________________________________________. The __________ Sea to the west, the ___________ Sea to the east, and the ________________ Sea to the south. Greeks made a living off the sea: Became fishers, sailors, traders. Others became farmers. Farming was hard b/c of mountainous terrain, but some places could produce wheat, barley, olives, & grapes. The Minoans: Island of _______ lies to the southeast. Ruins of the ________ civilization located here. Minoans were not Greeks, but were first civilization to rise in Greece.

Minoans & First Greek Kingdoms Arthur Evans discovered palace at __________. Revealed riches of Minoan people: wine, jewelry, oil, statues. Made wealth from trade—traveled by ship to other countries. Built ships, stone vases, & pottery—sailed Med. Sea & kept it free from pirates B.C.—Minoan civilization collapsed. Historians disagree on how Minoans were destroyed. Either by undersea _______________ that created large waves & washed cities away or by a group of invaders from Greek mainland, called the ______________________. _______________ leaders were the first Greek kings These people invaded Greek mainland around 1900 B.C.

The First Greek Kingdoms Center of Mycenaean kingdom was palace on hill surrounded by large farms. Mycenaeans began trading with Minoans & learned about their culture B.C.—Mycenaeans replaced Minoans as major power on Med. Sea. Trade made them wealthy, but they were more proud of their battles. Most famous victory was probably the ________________. The ___________ occurred between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C. Mycenaen civilization had collapsed by 1100 B.C. During Dark Ages, Greeks were affected by less trade & poverty. Stopped teaching writing & craftwork to others.

Dark Ages & Move to Colonize Dark Ages led to population shift. Thousands of Greeks moved, which expanded reach of Greek culture. Greek-speaking people from northern mountains invaded Greece, called the ____________. Settled on ________________ peninsula. Brought new weapons & farming tools/technology to Greek people (iron). Increased farming led to increased food—trade revived. With new trading, new writing appeared. Picked up idea of an alphabet from _________________. Greek alphabet had 24 letters that stood for different sounds.

A Move to Colonize & The Polis 700 B.C.—farmers couldn’t produce enough grain to feed everyone. Result: cities sent people outside Greece to start _____________. Colony—____________________________________________ Greeks expanded into Italy, Spain, North Africa, & western Asia. Trade w/colonists & “parent” cities grew. 600’s B.C.—Greeks started minting _________. Merchants began exchanging goods for money instead of other goods. The Polis Nobles who owned large estates overthrew kings. Created city-states. Each city-state was like its own tiny, independent country, known as a _____________.

The Polis Main gathering place was at the top of a hill, called the _____________ (was a fortified area). Below acropolis was the __________, which was an open area. –Served as a market & place to meet and debate issues. Greeks were first people to develop idea of ________ Place in which people are treated equally & have rights & responsibility In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens. (later, it was just slaves & foreign born residents) ___________ could vote, hold office, own property, & defend themselves in court. In return, citizens had duty to serve in govt. & to fight for their polis. Military of city-states was made of ordinary citizens. Citizens were called __________. Fought battles on foot. Carried round shield, short sword, 9-foot spear & walked side by side.