1. Chapter 4 The Early Greeks Section 1 By Deborah Thompson

2. Main Idea: The Geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did.

3. The Geography Of Greece Greece is a Mountainous land Framed by sparkling Blue water. The Greek mainland makes up a peninsula or a body of land with water on three sides Greece is made up of many rocky islands which stretch across the Mediterranean Sea to Asia It is surrounded by the Ionian Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the east

6. Many ancient Greeks made a living from the sea and became fishers, sailors, and traders. Others settled in farming communities Although Greece’s rocky soil was not ideal for growing crops, in some places people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes. They also raised sheep and goats.

7. The Greek islands were divided by mountains and seas and the early Greek communities grew fiercely independent of one another.

9. Main Idea: The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading.

10. The Minoans were not Greeks, but their civilization was the first to arise in the region that later became Greece. The Minoans lived on the island of Crete which lies southeast of the Greek mainland. In 1990, Arthur Evans uncovered the ruins of the palace at Knossos which had been the center of Minoan civilization.

11. The palace at Knossos revealed the riches of an ancient society. It contained 3. Twisting passageways 5. Workshops for making jewelry, vases, and small ivory statues 4. Bathrooms 1. Storerooms packed with oil, wine, and grain 2. Private quarters for the royal family

12. Minoan Fresco at the Palace of Knossos http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth.html.

13. The bull was a symbol of power, strength, and virility for the ancient Minoans.

17. Minoans made their wealth from trade. Built ships from Oak and Cedar trees Carried goods as Far away as Egypt and Syria Traded pottery and Stone vases for Ivory and metals Kept the sea free Of pirates Controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea by 2000 B.C.

18. Minoans created and traded pottery, leather, bronze armor, and metal jewelry. They also enjoyed sports such as boxing and bull leaping. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg

19. About 1450 B.C., the Minoan civilization suddenly collapsed!! Why! Why! Why! Possible reasons Undersea earthquakes Tsunami waves Mycenaean invaders from mainland Greece RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!!

21. The fall of Minoan civilization is described in the legendary fight of Theseus, a young Greek prince and the Minotaur. Relief Sculpture of Theseus and defeated Minotaur http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg

23. Main Idea: Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region.

24.  Originally from central Asia, the Mycenaeans invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 B.C. and conquered the people living there.  Mycenaean leaders became the first Greek kings.  The ruins of a walled palace in Mycenae were found in the 1800’s by Heinrich Schliemann who named their civilization the Mycenaeans.

25. Slaves and farmers lived on the estates Large farms, or estates, outside the palace walls that belonged to the nobles Everyone took shelter inside the fortress In times of danger Palace was surrounded by giant stone walls Contained a fortified palace on a hill at the center which was the home of the ruler

26. 1.Kept track of the wealth of every person 2.Collected wheat, livestock, and honey as taxes and stored them in the palace 1.Tanned leather 2.Sewed clothes 3.Made jars for wine and olive oil 4.Made bronze swords and ox-hide shields

27. Minoan traders visited the Mycenaean kingdoms and set up trade. Mycenaeans learned much about Minoan culture and copied many Minoan ways such as: 1. Bronze making 2. Ship Building 3. Using the sun and stars to find their way at sea 4. Worship of the Earth mother goddess

28. By 1400 B.C., Minoan civilization declined and the Mycenaeans replaced them as the major military and trading power on the Mediterranean Sea. The Mycenaeans conquered Crete and many other Greek island kingdoms. Their most famous victory was the Trojan War led by their legendary king, Agamemnon.

30. Civil wars broke out following Trojan War Dorians conquered Mycenaeans Aegean world began era of “wandering and killing” Independent communities developed http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth4web/05troygold.jpg Layered view of nine major settlements of Troy by Christopher Haussner based on archaeological excavation.

31. By 1200 B.C., the Mycenaean civilization Collapsed. Why? 1200 B.C. THE GREEK DAILY NEWS ____________________________ BAD NEWS FOR MYCENAE Collapse to take place Due to: 1. Earthquakes 2. Fighting among the Greek kingdoms

32.  Between the years of 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C., there was a period of instability and very little progress called a “dark age”. WHAT Happened 1. Overseas trade slowed and poverty took hold. 2. Farmers grew very little Food. 3. People stopped teaching others how to write or do craftwork. 4. Many forgot their written language.

33. One positive result of the Dark Age was a population shift Many Greeks left the mainland and settled on Islands in the Aegean Sea or moved to the Western shores of Asia Minor in what Is called Turkey today.

34. Dorians Eventually, a group of Greek speaking people from the north known as the Dorians, moved south and settled in the Peloponnesus The Dorians brought iron weapons and farm tools that were stronger and cheaper than the bronze used by other Greeks With this new technology, people began to farm again and produce surplus food which helped revive trade. Phoenicians Increased trade led the Greeks to pick up a new way of writing from the Phoenicians, who lived on the eastern Mediterranean The new Greek alphabet had 24 letters that made reading and writing much simpler and led to people writing down tales that had been passed down by storytellers for generations.

35. Colonies and trade spread Greek Culture and spurred industry After the Dark Age, the population of Greece rose quickly and farmers couldn’t grow enough food for the people. Cities sent people to create new colonies. 700 B.C. By 550 B.C. Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., Greeks created a huge trading network that included the coasts of Italy, France, Spain, North Africa, and western Asia. Greek culture spread.

36. Colonists traded with their “parent” cities exchanging: Colonists sent grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people to Greece Mainland Greece sent pottery, wine, and olive oil to the colonies

37. In the 600’s B.C., the Greeks began to mint coins and merchants began exchanging goods for money rather than other goods The growth of trade led to the growth of industry as the demand for goods grew and people began specializing in making certain products

38. The idea of citizenship developed in Greek City-states. By the end of the Dark Age, many nobles had Overthrown the Greek kings and created City-states which included the town or city And the surrounded countryside.

39.  A Greek city-state known as a polis was like a tiny independent country.  The main gathering place in the polis was the top of a hill or fortified area called an acropolis.

40. The Acropolis was: 1. A safe refuge in case of attacks 2.A religious center with temples and altars to honor The many Greek gods and goddesses

44. Below the acropolis was an open space called an Agora which served as: 1. A market 2. A place where people could meet and debate issues City-states varied in size and population Athens had nearly 300,000 people by 500 B.C.

46. Each city-state was run by it’s citizens or members of a political community who treated each other as equals and who had rights and responsibilities. They believed that the city-state was made up of their lands and it was their responsibility to run it In most Greek city-states, only free native-born men who owned land could be citizens Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship

47. Some city-states, like Athens, eventually dropped the land-owning requirement for citizenship Women and children might qualify for citizenship but had none of the rights that went with it

48. Developed idea of Democracy Next Slide Athens developed the first democracy Greek word meaning “power of the people” A government where the people have the right to make decisions about leaders and laws The U.S. government is based on Athenian democracy.

49. 2. Could Hold office 1.Had the Right to vote 3. Could gather in the agora to choose their officials and pass laws 4. Could own property

50. 1.To Serve in government 2.To attend assembly meetings and vote on issues 3.To fight for their polis as citizen soldiers

51. Democracy in Athens - Athens had the first democratic constitution (a set of rules for how the government should run) - All men over 20 years old could participate in the Assembly (the lawmaking group) - Each year 500 names of citizens were drawn to be on the Council of Five Hundred who ran the daily business of Athens

52. 1. Could not afford horses and fought on foot 4. Used their shields to create a protective wall 3. marched forward into battle in rows shoulder to shoulder 2. Went into battle heavily armed with a round shield, a short sword, and a 9 foot spear As the idea of citizenship developed, the city-states had begun to to depend on armies of ordinary citizens called hoplites HOPLITES

53. A Greek foot soldier was called a hoplite. He wore a linen shirt with metal armour plates on the shoulders. A bronze breastplate covered his chest and stomach, and greaves (shin guards) covered his legs. He wore a bronze helmet with a tall crest on his head. The hoplite carried a shield and a spear. Around his waist was a belt with a short sword. Hoplites fought in close formation. Greek soldiers had to pay for their own armour and weapons. If you could not afford to buy armour and weapons you could still serve in the army as a stone-thrower or archer. http://www.gridclub.com http://www.educate.org.uk/

54. The soldiers wore breastplates, helmets, and greaves to protect their legs. Their shields were carefully packed away until needed. This vase painting shows a boy bringing a shield in ready for use while another helps a soldier with his greaves. http://www.gridclub.com

56. New form of warfare –Units of armed infantry working together as a block –Replaced old dependence on the military chieftain –Security of community no longer depended on power and skill of a chieftain but on the massed strength of the hoplites What counted now was the willingness of citizens to cooperate together in battle for the greater good of their city –Numbers and community spirit became more important than individual bravado

57. Why were the hoplites good soldiers? Because they took pride in fighting for their city-states

58. How did the hoplites loyalty to their city-state affect Greece? “Hometown” loyalties divided the Greeks and caused them to distrust one another, which led to a lack of unity