12D The student is expected to differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole; 12E The student is expected to compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms such as waste removal;

Review: Common Cell Structures and Functions StructureFunction Cell membrane Barrier that separates the cell’s contents from the outside Selects what materials go in or out of the cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance inside the cell but outside of the nucleus that dissolves sugars, salts, and chemicals and where important chemical reactions take place Nucleus Contains the DNA Mitochondria Converts sugars into usable energy molecules so cells can do work in a process called cellular respiration

How plant cells are enclosed Plant cells have cell membranes, but they are very thin and crushed against the cell wall unlike an animal cell membrane which is substantial. – It is common for plant cells to be talked about as just having a cell wall. Cell wall Cell membrane

Cell wall Cell walls select what materials go in and out of cells. Cell walls are strong. – prevent a plant cell from exploding when in contact with pure or almost pure water – act as skeletal system for plant cells

Vacuoles store water in plant cells. Plant cells have large vacuoles with an important function for the plant cell. – Only some animal cells have vacuoles, and they are small with minor function. The vacuole fills with so much water that it swells up and pushes against the cell membrane. Because a cell wall is present too, the plant cell doesn’t explode.

If you water a plant cell with salt water, it will shrink the cell and cause the plant cell to die. If a plant does not have enough water, it will become droopy. If a plant cell has plenty of fresh water, turgor pressure will result, and the plant will hold itself up. Turgor pressure is one way plants respond to an environment with plenty of water.

Plants do not “eat” food for energy. Plants must make their own food and convert that to energy or store it for later use. Chloroplast: organelle that captures radiant energy from sunlight and converts that to sugar molecules How plants obtain energy

Making, using, storing energy Plants make energy molecules (sugar) through the process of photosynthesis. Plants use sugar molecules to create energy needed to carry on its functions through the process of cellular respiration. Plants store unused sugar molecules in the form of starch. – Examples: potato, carrot root, garlic bulbs