Thomas Hobbes, John Bunyan, John Dryden, John Locke, Mary Astell, Daniel Defoe,

 A. Bunyan was in a different social-political- religious group from that of Hobbes and Dryden. ◦ 1. Lower social rank ◦ 2. Dissenter or non-conformist  Acts of dissent  Preaching (which was forbidden)  Refusing to accept the Book of Common Prayer (which was required)  B. Bunyan wrote TPP in his 12 years in jail. 2

 Title page A. Key terms: ◦ 1. Journey ◦ 2. “Similitude of a Dream” ◦ 3. “This world” vs “That which is to come” 3 Source of image:

 Definition of experienceexperience  Christian to Pliable: “had even Obstinate himself, but felt what I have felt of the Powers, and Terrours of what is yet unseen, he would not thus lightly have give us the back” (14, emphasis added).  The book’s purpose: “This Book will make a Travailer of thee” ("Apology"). 4

 a) Allegory: several definitions Allegory: OED definition [ Notice references to Galatians.]several definitions definition  b) Bunyan’s allegory makes internal conditions visible as if they were acted out in a landscape or in some visible domestic space. ◦ “the wilderness of this world” (10) ◦ the “Slough of Despond” (16-17)Slough ◦ the unswept Parlor (30) ◦ the man in the iron cage (34 ff). “I saw a Man... a Book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back” 5

 1. "Interpreter: For the things that are seen, are Temporal; but the things that are not seen, are Eternal.... But... since things present, and our fleshly appetite, are such near Neighbours one to another... " (32)  2. Bunyan emphasizes the opposition between the carnal (bodily) senses and an inward capacity for spiritual seeing and understanding.  3. Bunyan’s allegory solves the epistemological problem of the invisibility of spiritual (eternal) knowledge. ◦ Spiritual knowledge is different from and higher than “carnal” knowledge. 6

 a) An alternative and competing frame of reference for inheritance: “I seek an inheritance...”(13)  (See “the lord of the place” [40] and later “Adam the First,” who tries to make the pilgrims his heirs [69] )  b) An alternative psychology: Passion & Patience (31)  c) The status of Custom (40) 7 (cont.)

8 A. 3 d. Detail from Apollyon & Christian by William Blake “scales like a Fish”; “Wings like a Dragon, feet like a Bear” (57) This episode combines the 17th. c. language of political allegiance with an apocalyptic understanding of a battle between God’s forces and the Devil’s. For Puritans, this great conflict reduces the significance of contemporary political issues and provides the context for them.

 A. Law condemns everyone: “As many as are the works of the Law, are under the curse; for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them” (24).  B. Bunyan’s characterization of Mount Sinai, Legality, the bondwoman (Hagar) & Ishmael (20-24) creates an allegorical landscape of the soul’s experience. The soul must get beyond the law.  C. Bunyan’s use of the “bondwoman” is an example, within the allegory, of typological reading. 9

 1. What is typology?typology  2. Paul’s example in Galatians of how Christians should read the Hebrew scriptures.Galatians  3. Typological interpretation is compatible with but not the same as allegorical interpretation. 10

11 Claude Lorrain ( ): The Departure of Hagar & Ishmael

 Hagar, who was an Egyptian woman, becomes, in Paul’s system, a type or figure for the Jewish law or old covenant (Sinai).  Sarah, Abraham’s wife, is a type or figure for the new covenant (grace).  That is, Hagar, an Egyptian, foreshadows the old law or covenant that God made with the people of Israel.  And Sarah foreshadows the new covenant or grace. ◦ Now look again at Bunyan’s use of the “bondwoman.” 12

 1. Law, grace, & the parlor (30-31)  2. Christian loses his burden (37)  3. Christian loses his “Roll” (42) 13

14 Title: an oxymoron Compare “itinerant epic” Symbolic landscape is also rural England. The “desired Countrey” requires turning one’s back on Restoration England— separating oneself from the world, a separation that has political as well as religious implications.

 What question do you think The Pilgrim’s Progress answers? 15