JOB ANALYSIS IDENTIFY AND RATE JOB TASKS & KSAs IDENTIFY AND RATE JOB TASKS & KSAs DEVELOP SELECTION DEVICE (S) DEVELOP SELECTION DEVICE (S) PAPER & PENCIL TESTS SITUATIONAL INTERVIEW APPLICATION BLANKS PERFORMANCE TEST (HANDS-ON) SIMULATION TESTS CONNECT TASKS TO KSAs CONNECT TASKS TO KSAs JOB DESCRIPTIONS RECRUITMENT IDENTIFY TRAINING NEEDS & TECHNIQUES IDENTIFY TRAINING NEEDS & TECHNIQUES DEVELOP PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS DEVELOP PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS FEEDBACK AND GOAL SETTING CAREER DEVELOPMENT DEVELOP TRAINING ASSESSMENTS Uses of Job Analysis Results

Job Analysis Background Research 1)Organizational charts (e.g., how the job is connected to other positions and where it is located in the overall company) 2)Communication with other job analysts. 3) Existing job descriptions 4)Training manuals 5)Procedure and policy manuals 6) O*NET, Occupational Outlook HandbookO*NETOccupational Outlook Handbook

A Job Analysis for Employment Selection 1.Identification of work activities and development of job task statements. 2.Develop a list of KSA’s necessary for adequate performance of the job tasks. 3.Site observations to confirm and substantiate the above findings. 4.Evaluate job tasks and KSA statements to discern (and document) their job-relatedness. 5.Generate test items and evaluate their job- relatedness. 6. Construct test instruments and assess their validity for purposes of selection/promotion decisions.

Basic Task Statement Components 1) What is the action being performed? (using an action verb) - Make the verb as specific as possible. (More ambiguous words can be use if details are provide in the “how” section of the statement) - Use present tense, plural form of the verb (e.g., Assists, Supervises) 2) To whom/what is the action directed? (the object, or receiver, of the action verb) 3) How is the action performed? (e.g., use of certain procedures, equipment, tools). The “how” is arguably the most crucial part of the task statement in that it directly relates to KSAs. It is often introduced with the word “by” and typically it consists of specific examples of representative list of procedures, equipment, tools, etc. 4) Why is the action being performed? (the purpose of the action). Often, it is preceded by words such as “in order to” or “so as to.” Be careful not to confuse the “why’ part of the statement with the “what” section Example: (Why?) Ensures that equipment is working properly by performing measurements …. (What?) Performs a variety of measurements (e.g., …) by using tools and devices such as …... in order to ensure the proper functioning of equipment

Sample Task Statement What? To What/Whom Inspects (visually or manually) parts, equipment and systems such as valves, thermostats, filters, motors, pumps, space heating equipment, boilers, generators, incinerators, burner systems, How? air handling units, and piping systems by using Calibration equipment hand tools, multi-meters, and temperature and pressure gauges following oral and written instructions (e.g., supervisor Why? directives, operator manuals) in order to comply with maintenance requirements and determine the cause of malfunctions.

Knowledge, Skills, & Abilities Knowledge statements: Possession of certain information (e.g., facts, procedures, techniques) relevant to the performance of a task or set of tasks Avoid “modifiers” within a knowledge statement such as “basic,” “extensive,” “detailed” Having a given knowledge does not guarantee competence in its application Ability statements: The competence to perform a action or behavior at the time in question (not the potential or aptitude to perform) Avoid “modifiers” (e.g., extensive ability to properly measure …)

Selection of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) 1) On average, SMEs should have at least 6 months experience in the job category being analyzed (typically, it is recommended that temporary incumbants not be selected as SMEs) 2) SMEs should represent all of the incumbants in a given job category. They should reflect the job category in terms of demographics (e.g., gender, race), size, and composition. 3) Although the number of SMEs will vary due to the number of people in a given job category (& the avaliability of SMEs) in job categories consisting of less than 12 employees, at least 1/3 to 1/2 of the SMEs should be selected. 4) Usually, SMEs need to be above average employees. It’s best to avoid choosing ones with a consistently poor record of job performance. 5)SMEs need to be selected and notified well in advance of a job analysis session (about 2-3 weeks). 6)It is crucial for “top” or upper-level management to stress the importance of the job analysis effort to SME’s and to provide realistic incentives for their participation.

Rating Job Task and KSA Statements Task statements are rated on many dimensions including: (1) the extent to which job incumbents perform the task, (2) the percentage of time they spend on the task, (3) the criticality of the work activity to overall job performance, (4) the necessity of performance of the task upon entry to the job, (5) the extent to which the ability to successfully perform the activity distinguishes between superior and adequate performance, (6) the extent of damage associated with not performing the task adequately, and (7) the percentage of incumbents in the job class who actually perform this task. KSA Statements are rated on three dimensions including: (1) their importance to overall job performance, (2) their necessity at entry to the job, (3) the extent to which they differentiate levels of job performance.

1) A job analysis must be performed on the exact job which the selection/promotion device is to be used 2) The analysis must be reduced to a written form (e.g., a job description) 3) The job analyst must be able to describe the procedures used to collect information 4) Data must be collected from several up-to-date sources 5) Data must be collected by a qualified job analyst 6) Data must be collected from a large enough sample of individual for the job in question 7) Tasks, duties, and activities must be identified and the relative degree of competency required must be specified 8) KSAs are mentioned most frequently as the type of information to be identified through a job analysis 9) Task specification is seen as a prerequisite to an acceptable job analysis Prescriptions for a Legally Defensibly Job Analysis

KIRKLAND V. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SERVICES (1974) "Without such an analysis (job analysis) to single out the critical knowledge, skills and abilities required by the job, their importance relative importance to each other, and the level of proficiency demanded as to each attribute, a test constructor is aiming in the dark and can only hope to achieve job relatedness by blind luck”  The KSAs tested for must be critical to successful job performance  Portions of the exam should be accurately weighted to reflect the relative importance to the job of the attributes for which they test.  The level of difficulty of the exam material should match the level of difficulty of the job

Checklist Used to Match Selectors with Job Requirements Job Requirements 1. Ability to perform calculations and understand Charts, formulas and tables. 2. Ability to read blueprints. 3. Ability to troubleshoot mechanical equipment. 4. Knowledge and use of safe practices when handling Materials and tools. 5. Ability to use & care for hand and power tools to maintain mechanical Equipment. 6. Knowledge of basic principles of hydraulic, pneumatic, and compressed air systems. Previous work experience in hazardous work environments Relevant experience and training in mechanical maintenance. Application Form H.R. Employment Interview Paper and Pencil Test Technical Interview Work Sample Test Reference Checks Medical Exam & Drug Test Selection Method Prerequisites                    

A Multiple Hurdle Selection System Job Applicants Work Sample Test Rejection Application Form Employment Interview Paper-and-Pencil Test Reference Checks Medical Exam & Drug Test