34-1 Inquiry into Life Eleventh Edition Sylvia S. Mader Chapter 34 Lecture Outline Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The biotic components of ecosystems Populations of an ecosystem –Autotrophs- primary producers Require an energy source and inorganic nutrients to produce organic food molecules Manufacture organic nutrients for all organisms Green plants and algae-photosynthesis Bacteria-chemoautotrophs –Heterotrophs- consumers Consume organic nutrients –Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores Decomposers- fungi, bacteria –Break down decaying matter releasing nutrients

34-3 Biotic components Fig. 34.1

34-4 The biotic components of ecosystems cont’d. In and Ecosystem Energy flows and Chemicals cycle –Energy enters ecosystem in the form of sunlight absorbed by producers –Chemicals enter when producers absorb inorganic nutrients –Produces then make organic nutrients for themselves and all other organisms in the ecosystem Consumers (herbivores and omnivores) gain nutrients and energy from eating producers Higher level consumers (carnivores) then gain nutrients and energy from eating herbivores and omnivores –Some energy is released at each level of the environment in the form of heat and waste products

34-5 Energy flow and chemical cycling Fig. 34.2

34-6 Energy balances Fig. 34.3

34-7 The biotic components of ecosystems cont’d. The following two slides illustrate food webs –Food webs illustrate the interrelationships between organisms in the food chain –Identify the producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers Laws of thermodynamics –First law- energy is neither created nor destroyed Ecosystems depend on continual outside source of energy –Second law- with every transformation, some energy is given off as heat The amount of available energy at each successive trophic level is less than the one below it

34-8 Grazing food webs Fig. 34.4

34-9 Detritis food web Fig. 34.5

Energy flow Trophic levels –Trophic level is composed of all organisms that feed at a particular link in the food chain Primary producers- first trophic level Primary consumers- second trophic level Secondary consumers- third trophic level Ecological pyramids –Represent amount of available energy in each trophic level –Producers are at the base- the most available energy Energy is given off in less usable forms as producers are eaten by primary consumers, etc. –Biomass- the number of organisms at each level multiplied by their weight

34-11 Ecological pyramid Fig. 34.6

Global biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical cycles –Pathways involve both biotic and abiotic components Reservoir-source unavailable to producers Exchange pool-source from which organisms take chemicals Biotic community-chemicals move through community along food chains –2 main types of cycles Gaseous cycle-drawn from and returns to the atmosphere Sedimentary cycle-element is drawn from soil by plant roots, eaten by consumers, returned to soil by decomposers

34-13 Model for chemical cycling Fig. 34.7

34-14 Global biogeochemical cycles cont’d. The water cycle –Freshwater evaporates from bodies of water –Precipitation over land enters ground, surface waters, aquifers –Eventually returns to oceans over time –Hydrologic cycle is illustrated on the following slide Note that size of arrow is proportional to rate of transfer –Human impact In arid southwest and southern Florida, water mining is occurring –Aquifers are being drained faster than they can be naturally replenished

34-15 The hydrologic cycle Fig. 34.8

34-16 Global biogeochemical cycles cont’d. The phosphorus cycle –Phosphate enters soil as rocks undergo weathering process –Picked up by producers and cycles through consumers and finally decomposers –Human impact Accelerated transfer rate due to phosphate mining, supplementation on farm fields, detergents –Cultural eutrophication- over-enrichment »Can lead to increased algal bloom »As algae die off, decomposers consume high levels of oxygen in the water »Results in massive fish kills –Phosphorus cycle is illustrated on the following slide

34-17 The phosphorus cycle Fig. 34.9

34-18 Global biogeochemical cycles cont’d. The nitrogen cycle –Nitrogen fixation-conversion of nitrogen gas N 2 to ammonium NH 4 + by bacteria –78% of atmosphere is nitrogen gas, but unusable by plants –Root nodules of legumes house nitrogen-fixing bacteria –Nitrification-production of nitrates which plants can also use Nitrogen gas converted to nitrate in atmosphere by lighting, meteor trails, cosmic radiation Ammonium in soil converted to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria –Denitrification-conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria –Human activities- N 2 from fertilizers increases transfer rates

34-19 The nitrogen cycle Fig

34-20 Global biogeochemical cycles cont’d. The carbon cycle –Photosynthesis takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere –Cell respiration returns it to the atmosphere –Reservoirs of carbon Dead organisms- fossil fuels Forests –Human activities More carbon dioxide is being deposited in atmosphere than is being removed –Due to deforestation and burning of fossil fuels Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere contributes to global warming, which is caused by an increase in Greenhouse Gasses and can lead to a rise in sea levels affecting coastal cities and can cause changes in global climate patters with disastrous effects.

34-21 The carbon cycle Fig

34-22 Nitrogen and Air Pollution Human activities convert atmospheric nitrogen to fertilizer which when broken down by soil bacteria adds nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere at three times the normal rate. Humans also burn fossil fuels which put nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in the atmosphere.

34-23 Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide react with water vapor to form acids that contribute to acid deposition (Acid Rain). Acid deposition is killing lakes and forests and also corrodes marble, metal, and stonework. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons (HC) react to form photochemical smog, which contains ozone and PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), oxidants harmful to animal and plant life.

34-24 Acid deposition

34-25 A thermal inversion, where these pollutants are trapped under warm, stagnant air concentrates pollutants to dangerous levels. Nitrous oxide is not only a greenhouse gas, but contributes to the breakdown of the ozone shield that protects surface life from harmful levels of solar radiation.

34-26 Thermal inversion