Nervous System ANS 215 Anatomy & Physiology Of Domesticated Animals.

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Presentation transcript:

Nervous System ANS 215 Anatomy & Physiology Of Domesticated Animals

Neuron Functional unit of the nervous system Consists of: cell body, axon, dendrites

Neuron Cell membrane = axolemma Myelin sheath = neurolemma; Increases the speed of conduction Mammalian neurons can be bipolar (on axon and one dendrite) or multipolar (many branching dendrites and one axon) The axon and its myelin sheath are called a nerve fiber

Synapse

Oligodendrocyte

Node of Ranvier

Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Cranial nerves – Spinal nerves – Autonomic nerves – ganglia

Subdivisions of the Brain

Location of Brain Subdivisions

Sources of Input to Cerebellum

The Brain

Brain Stem Midbrain – Visual reflex center – Auditory reflex center – Nuclei and fiber tracts Pons and Medulla Oblongata – Up and down pathways – Reflex centers

Brain Stem Interbrain – Hypothalamus – integration – Thalamus – relay center – Epithalamus – olfactory and pineal gland

Cerebellum Not concerned with consciousness or sensation Controls motor function Makes adjustments to prevent distortion of inertia and momentum

Basal Ganglia Control of complex semi-voluntary movements (walking, running) Lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres Composed of separate, large pools of neurons

Cerebrum Cortex – covering of gray matter Medulla – white matter – Association fibers, commissural fibers (connect two hemispheres) – Projection fibers (connect cortex to other parts of brain and spinal cord)

Cerebrum 2 hemispheres that contain: - Sensory areas - Reactions that result in consciousness - High degree of educability - Decussation - Motor area size and number of complex skeletal muscles movements

Evolution and Growth of the Cerebrum

Evolution of Cerebral Hemispheres Evolution of the cerebral hemispheres as seen in cross sections. Only the left hemisphere is shown in the lower figures. Light gray indicates the paleostriatum. Reptiles and birds have added new nuclear masses (neostriatum and hyperstriatum). Mammals have developed a cortex. Note the old striatal complex (now called basal ganglia) still present in the mammal.

Brain and Spinal Nerves

Spinal Cord Most caudal portion of the Central Nervous System Continuation of medulla Segmented, 31 pairs of spinal nerves Sensory – afferent fibers Motor – efferent fibers Ascending pathways – sensory information Descending pathways – motor information

Spinal Nerve

Cranial Nerves

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