OVERVIEW Background What ? Who ? Where ? Why ? Possibilities Advantages Barriers Disadvant. Forecast Example Conclusion IntroductionHow many? Web sites

„Quotation“ ‘Sometimes the best transportation policy means not moving people but moving their work Millions have already found their productivity actually increases when they work nearer the people they’re really working for.... their families at home’ President George Bush - March 1990

The word „teleworking“ Searched by search engine Altavista : “ Teleworking” : 23,973 Web pages found “Telecommuting” : 52,060 Web pages found Teleworking in Europe : –‘teletravail’ (French), –‘Telearbeit’ (German), –‘telelavoro’ (Italian), –‘teletrabajo’ (Spanish) –‘telearbet’ (Swedish). Other word for ‘Teleworking” : “Telecommuting”, “remote working” & “working from home”

BACKGROUND The Father of Teleworking/Telecommuting Jack Niles (1972)

BACKGROUND From Industrial Revolution Information Revolution

What is teleworking? Defined by Jack Niles : Teleworking : – ANY form of substitution of information technologies (such as telecommunications and/or computers) for normal work-related travel; Telecommuting : – that portion of teleworking that applies to the daily commute to and from work-a primary source of traffic congestion, air pollution and loss of productivity in urban areas.

What is teleworking? The Roads & Traffic Authority NSW (RTA) :....a flexible work opportunity to work for part of the time at a location away from the usual work base. The location may be at home, at a satellite office near home, a mobile office or a combination of these alternatives

Who are the teleworkers & Which firms ? From senior executive to profesional From full-time to part time jobs From working at home almost full time to occasionally spending day at home From wholly employed through part employed to self-employed The firms usually are : Consultancy Computing (software,...) Journalism & Publishing Data Entry Design & Planning Research...and so on

Where do they work? 1. The Teleworker’s home Locations of teleworking offices 2. The satellite office 3. The mobile office 1. The Teleworker’s home 3. The mobile office 2. The satellite office

WHY TELEWORKING ? - Jobs are more ‘portable’ now The reasons for teleworking : - Changing travel patterns - Impact on pollution, energy consumption and traffic congestion - Changing lifestyles - Jobs are more ‘portable’ now - Changing lifestyles - Changing travel patterns - Impact on pollution, energy consumption and traffic congestion

Possibilities of teleworking because of Enabling Technology to : 1. Transmit Data to and from remote worker 2. Sharing Information 3. Keeping in touch 2. Sharing Information E-‘whiteboard’, , Mailing List, Net meeting Keeping in touch Fixed phone, cellular phone, video conference, SMS, paging Transmit Data to and from remote worker Internet, ISDN, Mobile data networks... Source :Teleworking Explained, Gray, Hodson, Gordon, 1993

Barriers of teleworking Difficulties to manage the employee that you can not see Not trust a teleworkers No willingness from the company to establish teleworking Afraid of social isolation of teleworkers Requires some careful planning, attention to technology, liability, training and selection of teleworkers and telemanagers Time spending at home with neighbours, family and friends Security risks (hackers, virus, bugs etc)....

Advantages of teleworking Cost saving (reduced overhead & travel costs) Reduced commuting time Flexible working hours Improve productivity through flexibility Reduced traffic congestion Access to work for people with specific difficulties (disabled person) Reduce total travel and consequent pollution

Disadvantages of teleworking Management difficulties Loss of face to face contact Need skills of new technology again & again Flexibility (to be able to work during the weekend) Tremendous disturbing on the private life Could course bad effect for healthy (headaches, eyes strain, etc)......

How many teleworkers ? Teleworkers in EU countries : In 1994 : 1.25 million (survey done by European TELDET) In 1999 : nine million (reported by Teleworking Workshop in Dublin, Nov 1999 ) In 2000 : around 10 million (estimated by European TELDET)

How many teleworkers ? Estimates of numbers of teleworkers (1994) Source :

How many teleworkers ?

Teleworking forecast (Europe) Source :

Teleworking forecast (US) Source :

Example case of teleworking

Mobile teleworking at Hewlett Packard Kevin Sweeney is head of test and measurement at HP's Irish operations. He can work from home when he wants to using a 64 kbit ISDN line installed by the company, or he can use his laptop and GSM phone when he's on the road. The main benefit to Kevin is time saved commuting. "I used to leave at 6.45 to beat the traffic and get some work done before the office warmed up. Now I get up later, see my children before they go to school and generally feel less stressed". He also reports fewer distracting interruptions. Teleworking is part of HP's company philosophy to teach employees to "work smarter, not longer".

(Jack Niles website) (Gil Gordon Associate) ‘TELEWORKING’ WEBSITES

CONCLUSIONS Teleworking is working at distance from your employer, either at home, on the road (mobile) or at a locally satellite based centre Teleworking possible because of enabling technology There are some barriers for teleworking Teleworking offers advantages and disadvantages Number of teleworkers will be increased in the future

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