Road to Civil War

PBS, Death Runs Riot Intro 0:00 – 5:57

Challenges and Compromises Henry Clay –“The Great Compromiser” Nullification Crisis –Speaker of the House of Reps ( ) Leading ‘War Hawk’ pushing for War of 1812 –Secretary of State ( ) –Creator of the “American System” Spoke out for the Western US Born April 1777 in Virginia No formal education but passed the bar in 1797 Owned a Kentucky plantation, Ashland, and over 60 slaves

Missouri Compromise 1818 –Missouri applied for statehood; Maine did also Missouri, slave state Maine, free state Compromise also included –Slavery prohibited forever in lands north of Missouri’s southern border –Was the natural boundary of cotton growing area

Dred Scott –Chief Justice Roger Taney stated the majority opinion Free or slave, blacks were not citizens and had no standing in court Salves were property, like animals, and could be taken anywhere MO Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress couldn’t limit slavery Had lived in free territory with his master – sued for his freedom in 1857

Compromise of –California, a free state, applied for statehood –Would upset the balance between free and slave February 1850 –Abolition of slave trade in DC –California admitted as a free state –Mexican Cession would be controlled by popular sovereignty –Texas would be awarded $10 million to settle claims –Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 All runaway slaves must be returned Anyone helping runaways would be prosecuted

Bloody Kansas –Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) –Wanted ‘popular sovereignty’ in new states Led to fighting between the sides –Free soilers vs border ruffians Illegal and rigged election in favour of pro-slavery settlers Over 200 people died within 2 years

PBS Death Runs Riot Free Soil 5:57 – 15:29

Abolitionism Movement to end the slave trade and emancipate slaves Slavery in South was social and economic institution; needed for the agricultural economy 1860 – 4 million slaves in US Movement led in North by –William Lloyd Garrison Anti-Slavery Society –Harriet Beecher Stowe writer –Sojourner Truth Escaped slave Also worked for women’s rights –Frederick Douglass

Sojourner Truth Born in 1797 in upstate New York as Isabella Baumfree One of 13 children; sold at age 9 Sold again at 13; fell in love at 18 with Robert 1827 – New York freed all slaves but her master refused –“I did not run off, for I thought that wicked, but I walked off, believing that to be all right” Settled in New York City 1854 –Gave her most famous speech 1864 –Met President Lincoln 1870 –Worked to help freed slaves settle in the West Nov 26, 1883 –Died in Michigan at age 86

Frederick Douglass Born in Maryland, son of slave mother and white father Illegally taught to read and write by white mistress Escaped in 1838 and made his way to New York and then Massachusetts Became a member of Anti-Slavery Society and commanding speaker Wrote book about his life in 1845 called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Friends helped him to purchased freedom as his fame grew Published abolitionist newspaper, The North Star Visited Lincoln at the White House in 1863

William Still called "The Father of the Underground Railroad“ helped hundreds of slaves to escape (as many as 60 a month), sometimes hiding them in his Philadelphia home kept careful records, including short biographies of the people

Dobbin House In the mid-1800's, a secret crawl space, served as a "station" for hiding runaway slaves on their perilous journey to freedom

Underground Railroad

aided by abolitionists in the North between 1810 and 1850 over 30,000 people escaped, usually from upper South an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by slaves to escape to free states and Canada

Code Words People who helped slaves find the railroad were "agents" "Stationmasters" hid slaves in their homes Escaped slaves were referred to as "passengers“ or “cargo” Guides were known as "conductors" Hiding places were "stations" Abolitionists would fix the "tracks"

Other Secret Signals Quilts –Used as signal maps Candles –Signal that it was a safe house Songs –Communicated messages about escape routes

Underground Railroad

Where is ‘the North’? People trying to escape slavery had many clues they could rely on to find out where "north" actually was. They knew moss usually grew on the north sides of trees. They also observed that migrating birds flew north in the summer. One of the best clues they could use to find north was to locate the North Star. The North Star is also called Polaris. Unlike other stars, it never changes position. It always points to the north.

Harriet Tubman born a slave –Araminta- around 1820, in Dorchester County, Maryland – died 1913 called the "Moses of Her People" because she led so many people to freedom –She made up to 19 trips back to the South –Brought up to 300 slaves, including her parents and 6 of 10 siblings, to freedom could not read or write Reward for her capture was up to $40,000 Worked as cook, spy and scout during Civil War

Other Secret Signals Quilts –Used as signal maps Candles –Signal that it was a safe house Songs –Communicated messages about escape routes ** moses ** chariot

When the sun comes back and the first quail calls Follow the drinking gourd For the old man is awaitin for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd The river ends between two hills Follow the drinking gourd There’s another river on the other side Follow the drinking gourd The river bank makes a very good road The dead trees show you the way Left foot, peg foot, traveling on Follow the drinking gourd Where the great big river meets the little river Follow the drinking gourd For the old man is awaitin for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd

Follow the Drinking Gourd When the sun comes back and the first quail calls Follow the drinking gourd For the old man is awaitin for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd Leave at the end of winter and Walk toward the Big Dipper A guide (Peg Leg Joe) will meet you

The river bank makes a very good road The dead trees show you the way Left foot, peg foot, traveling on Follow the drinking gourd Follow the bank of the Tombigbee River Look for dead trees Marked with drawings of left foot and peg foot The river ends between two hills Follow the drinking gourd There’s another river on the other side Follow the drinking gourd At the mouth of the river continue north over the hills Until there is another river which is the Tennessee

Where the great big river meets the little river Follow the drinking gourd For the old man is awaitin for to carry you to freedom If you follow the drinking gourd Where the Tennessee River joins the Ohio River, cross it And meet your guide

Harriet Beecher Stowe Began writing children’s stories and textbooks Very upset over Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 Began writing stories that would become Uncle Tom’s Cabin Born in CT in 1811, daughter of abolitionist minister Moved to Ohio; married Calvin Ellis Stowe Book had immediate impact Sold 10,000 copies within first week; 300,000 within a year Southerners said it was melodramatic and inaccurate –No first hand experience of slave life

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 3 primary characters –Eliza Slave mother whose child is to be sold; determined to escape –Uncle Tom Dignified slave with great nobility and strength –Eva Sickly daughter of plantation owner Invited to White House during Civil War in 1862 Lincoln commented “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.”

The End

Road to the Civil War Complete the notes as they are given in class. Staple your notes, clearly labeled to the back of this page. Then complete the assignment below using notes, class discussion, your textbook, etc. Each correct answer is worth 2 points, unless otherwise notes. You may use another piece of paper if you need to. Do your own work and do your best. Challenges and Compromises_____/8 Abolitionism_____/6 Underground Railroad_____/6 Harriet Beecher Stowe_____/7 --Completetion: Select the term or name from the list below that best completes the sentence. Each correct word is worth 2 points. --Matching: Match the definition in the second column with the word in the first column. Write the appropriate letter next to the word. Each correct letter is worth 2 points. Reading Comprehension: In the space before each sentence, write N if it describes the North or S if it describes the South. Each correct answer is worth 2 points. Who Am I: Read each clue below and answer the question ‘Who Am I?’ Write your answer in the blank. Each correct answer is worth 2 points.