LIMESTONES Calcite (calcium carbonate) dominates Fine-grained –Chalk (cliffs of Dover, England) Medium-grained –Oolitic limestones Coarse-grained –Coquina (broken shells loosely cemented) –Fossiliferous limestones
CHERT Microcrystalline silica (microquartz = silicon dioxide) Many varieties: –Flint = gray due to organic matter –Jasper = reddish due to iron oxides –agate = banded structures Scots Bay Formation at Ross Creek
EVAPORITES Precipitated crystals from –oceans –lakes –rivers Halite (sodium chloride) Gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) Death Valley, California
COAL Compressed, heated thick accumulations of organic matter With little detrital sediment to form much ash Environment: vegetation in a lush swamp Well-known from Carboniferous Period of Nova Scotia
Coalfields of Nova Scotia
FOSSIL FUELS Alteration of partly decayed and buried organic matter. Coalsolid rock Petroleumliquid in pore Natural gasgas (mostly methane) spaces Coal is mostly from terrestrial plant matter, but petroleum and natural gas come mostly from marine animals, plants and micro-organisms