Investigating Tundra and Taiga Biomes with Remote Sensing Jessica Robin SSAI/NASA/GSFC Photo courtesy of M. K. Raynolds

Photo – M. K. Raynolds Outline of presentation Climate change and arctic vegetation Remote sensing research Field research by Martha Reynolds (UAF) Research with GLOBE data

Arctic Temperatures ( ) Image courtesy of National Snow & Ice Center

Image courtesy of Goddard Institute of Space Science 2001 temperatures compared to 1950 to 1981 “normal” temperatures

Northern Greening ( ) Image courtesy of Liming Zhou, Boston University

Photo – D. A. Walker Report put out in 2004 by the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) International panel The summary report, graphics and detailed scientific report can be found on the web at: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Key Findings of the ACIA regarding vegetation Arctic vegetation zones are very likely to shift causing wide-ranging impacts. Treeline is expected to move northward and to higher elevations, with forest replacing a significant fraction of existing tundra, and tundra vegetation moving into polar deserts. More productive vegetation is likely to increase carbon uptake, although reduced reflectivity of the land is likely to outweigh this, causing further warming. Disturbances such as insect outbreaks and forest fires are very likely to increase in frequency, severity and duration, facilitating invasion by non-native species. Where suitable soils are present, agriculture will have the potential to expand northward due to a longer and warmer growing season.

Remote Sensing Research

Recent studies have shown increases in satellite-sensed indices (NDVI) of circumpolar tundra vegetation. NDVI of boreal forests shows decreasing trends Time-integrated NDVI Jia and Epstein Low High Strong Positive Positive Near Zero Negative Strong Negative Goetz et al summary of trends in AVHRR NDVI

The spring season has started earlier and max NDVI has increased Goetz et al PNAS,102: day spring shift in growing season length 10% increase in NDVI NDVI trends for the forested and tundra regions, broken down by six-year intervals. The forested areas show a recent decline in the maximum NDVI. Tundra regions have shown a continued increase in NDVI and a marked 10-day shift toward earlier onset of greening. There is no corresponding shift in the cessation of the greening period.

Changes in arctic shrubs (Sturm et al. 2001)

Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Riordan et al JGR Shrinking lakes due to warmer temperatures leading to changes in permafrost and more evaporation affects vegetation.

Satellite data show changes Greenhouse warming experiments show changes but very few studies have been able to document changes occurring to undisturbed tundra Control Open-top chamber Community changes in ITEX experiment after 6 years

Field Research

Current research by Martha K. Raynolds University of Alaska Fairbanks Trying to measure existing tundra vegetation conditions in enough detail and in enough places that future changes due to climate change can be measured.

Greenland Arctic tundra bioclimate subzones

Plant physiognomy occurring in different Tundra Bioclimate Subzones A – mosses, liverworts and lichens with some grasses and forbs B – rushes and prostrate dwarf shrubs with mosses, liverworts and lichens C – hemiprostrate and prostrate dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens D – sedges, erect and prostrated dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens E – tussock sedges, low and erect dwarf shrubs with bryophytes and lichens a – mosses, liverworts and lichens, b – forbs, c – prostrate dwarf- shrubs, d – non-tussock graminoids, e -hemiprostrate dwarf shrubs, f – erect dwarf shrubs, g – low shrubs, h – tussock graminoids

Subzone C Subzone D Subzone E Landscapes of the Tundra Bioclimate Zone Subzone B Subzone A A = coldest E = warmest N S No shrubs Erect dwarf shrubs Hummocks Mounds Tussocks

Research with GLOBE Data

Monitoring vegetation phenology with GLOBE Data Satellite data from the past two decades shows a corresponding increase in growing season in northern latitudes (Myneni, R.B., Keeling, C.D., Tucker, C.J., Asrar, G., and Nemani, R.R., 1997, Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991, Nature, 386: ) However, minimal on-ground observations of plant phenology exist to validate such satellite findings

OBJECTIVES 1.Analyze the efficacy of phenology monitoring using GLOBE and satellite derived vegetation indices from AVHRR and MODIS data 2.Compare AVHRR and MODIS data

GLOBE SCHOOLS 10 Schools Elementary-High School Public, Charter, Private, Home Anchorage area (3) Fairbanks area (7) Lat: 61.17° – 64.85° N Lon: ° ° W

FIELD MEASUREMENTS Students made observations & measurements ( ) –budburst, green-up, leaf growth & green down –research focused on budburst and green-up Trees/Shrubs: Betula, Populus, Salix (Viereck, Leslie, A. and Little, Elbert L. Jr Alaska Trees and Shrubs. Agriculture Handbook No Forest Service, USDA, Washington D.C) Willow Birch Poplar GLOBE Students, Alaska Photo courtesy of Cheryl Pratt and Elena Sparrow, U of Alaska Fairbanks

SATELLITE DATA AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer On board NOAA’s POES (Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites) since 1979 Research includes NDVI data for Fairbanks and Anchorage regions from

SATELLITE DATA MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer On board Terra – Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite launched in 1999 This research includes NDVI data for Fairbanks and Anchorage regions from

Comparison of satellite data

Conclusions Different processing and spectral characteristics restrict continuity between AVHRR and MODIS NDVI datasets NDVI has limitations in boreal regions due to snow, large extent of conifers, and clouds