”On the sensitivity of Building Performance to the Urban Heat Island Effect” By Adil Rasheed, Darren Robinson, Alain Clappier

Overview Problem statement Model Description Case Study Results Conclusion Future Work

Problem Statement Weather Station Building to be simulated Current practice Reality Should UHI be considered while conducting building simulations ? Urban Heat Island : Cities are warmer than its surrouding

Global Model But resolution of a Global Model is of the order of a few hundred Km Measurement data can be fed to a global model Madrid

Grid for global models Mesoscale grid Mesoscale Model (Resolution: few meters to Km)

UHI Modelling Governing Equations: Mass: Mom:. Energy: Humidity: TKE The effects of building is included in the source terms Di Input to the model: Boundary Conditions, Landuse and Topology data

Urban Parameterization Highlights: –City is assumed to be a regular array of buildings with uniform spacing. –Impact of horizontal and vertical walls (drag and shear) –Accounts for solar radiation –Accounts for building density, urban forms and different landuse. –Heat conduction through walls, ceilings and ground. Urban Grid Mesoscale Grid Source

Case Study: Madrid’s topology Location: 40º 23´N and 3º 40´W Mountain peaks surrounding relatively low lying plains Province of Madrid: 8028 sq. m Temperate Mediterranean climate: – Cool winters: Below 273 K. –Warm summer: Above 303 K Mild nocturnal average temperature during the summer months due to Madrid's high altitude. Height above sea level: Varies from 400m-2000m

Land Distribution: % Rural Largest city of Spain Third most populous city in EU Densely urbanized city center: 100% urban area. City surrounded by rural area.

SIMULATION SET UP Domain size: 110km by 110km by 10km (covers the entire troposphere) Horizontal Resolution: 2km Vertical Resolution: 10m – 1 km. Three simulations: Cases 1, 2 and 3. –Case 1: Topology as that of Madrid but 100% rural –Cases 2 and 3 correspond to the actual land use, but with different thermo-physical properties for the building surfaces. Building Width: 15m, Street Width: 15m. Internal temperature of the buildings: 298 K. Urban Parameterization scheme by Martilli Radiation model by: Schayes and Sasamori Duration of Simulation: 18:00H 13th July to 18:00 14th July

RESULTS: Temperature & Velocity profiles 18:00 00:00 06:0013:00 City core is always hotter (Urban Heat Island) Entrainment of cooler air towards the center Case 3

RESULTS: Cooling Load Cooling Load: C is total building conductance (W.K-1) DDc are the cooling degree-days η Boiler Efficiency Base Temperature: 291 K Linear relation between energy demand and cooling load.

RESULTS: Normalized CDD Cooling load increases by a factor of 1.7 Changing the thermophysical properties of the built material can alter the cooling demand Contours of urban area doesn’t coincide with the contours of CDD: because of wind Case 2 Case 3

Conclusion Urban Heat Island should be considered during Building Energy Analysis Thermophysical and radiometric properties of the built material may play a very important role in designing an energy efficient city. Development of plume: Can be used for “natural scavenging” of the city

Future Work Validation of the basic assumptions in Urban Parameterization. Development of better Urban Canopy Model for better representation of the buildings and canopies. Inclusion of more sophisticated Building Modules in the Mesoscale Model. Finally to study the effects of changing various thermophysical and radiometric properties.

Acknowledgement The financial support received for this work from national research programme 54 of the Swiss National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. Many thanks also to Alberto Martilli for providing the data required for the simulation.

Thank You for your attention !! Questions ?