1. Elements of Weather & Climate
Temperature

2. Definition Temperature is the degree of heat or cold in the atmosphere
It is measured in ºC or ºF

3. Warming of air Air is warmed by means of:
Convection: The process through which hot air, being lighter than cold air, rises as a convection current
Conduction: The process through which the air receives heat from the ground it is in contact with
Radiation: The process through which the heat energy from the ground is sent back to space. This form of heat energy can travel in a vacuum.

5. Factors influencing temp
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from the sea
Ocean currents
Aspect
Humidity and cloud cover
Land surface

6. Latitude
Places near the Equator are hotter than places near the poles due to the angle at which sun’s ra strike the Earth
Amount of heat received by Earth’s surfaces decreases with latitude due to the decreasing angle of incidence Angle at which sun’s ray hits earth) of the sun’s ray

8. Latitude (cont)
In reality, Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5º from the vertical
From June to Aug, there is a higher intensity of the sun’s ray in the northern hemisphere
The higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere therefore experience higher temperature in summer while the higher latitudes in the southern hemisphere experience low temp in winter.

10. Altitude
Temperature falls by 6.4ºC for every 1000m increase in height.
This fall in temperature is called the normal lapse rate.
Air is warmed by the heat radiated from the ground due to conduction and convection. It is much warmer as there is larger land
Most of Earth's surface gases is also concentrated at the Earth’s surface.

12. Altitude(cont)
Temp sometimes rise with altitude in the troposphere due to:
Rapid outgoing terrestrial radiation on a cloudless night.
Cold air rolling down slope displacing the Warmer air
Warm air rises over cold air at a warm front
Cold air undercutting warm air at a cold front

13. Distance from the sea
Sea heats up and loses heat more slowly than land
Coastal area temperature is influenced.
In temperate latitudes, coastal areas have a smaller temperature range between summer and winter(not as hot in summer and not as cold in winter)
Inland areas far from the sea are not affected by the ocean thus have larger annual temp range.

14. Ocean Currents
Change in temperature is due to ocean currents in the area
Ocean current are set in motion by prevailing winds blowing over the surface
2 types of ocean currents:
Warm – Originates from equator
Cold – Originates from higher latitudes

16. Aspects
Refers to the direction of the slope of the land relative to the sun
More obvious in temperate regions rather than tropical regions
In northern hemisphere, south facing slope have higher temp than north facing slope
Faces the sun.

17. Humidity and cloud cover
Humidity is the state of the atmosphere with respect o its amount of water vapour
The higher the humidity, the more clouds there will be as clouds are formed by condensation of water vapour.
Thick cloud cover prevents solar radiation from entering in the day and outgoing terrestrial radiation escaping in the night.
Therefore, equatorial areas which have high humidity and thick cloud cover has low diurnal temp range.

18. Type of land surface
An area with vegetation is much cooler than an area of concrete.
Vegetation reduce the incoming radiation and prevents absorption of heat into the ground.
Concrete surfaces absorbs h eat quickly in the day and releases heat lowly at night.
“Urban Heat islands”
Cause? Effects? (group work)

19. Instruments used to measure temperature
Daily Maximum and minimum temperature
Daily maximum temperature: the highest temperature reading for the day
Daily minimum temperature: the lowest temperature reading for the day

20. Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
Maximum temperature is measured by the maximum thermometer
It consists of a glass tube containing mercury and a metal index
When temperature rises, the mercury expands and pushes the metal index upwards
When temperature falls and the mercury contracts, the metal index stays in place
The minimum thermometer works in the same way, but contains alcohol instead of mercury

21. Six’s Thermometer

22. Temperature Calculations
Diurnal Temperature range:
Max temp – Min temp
Average Daily Temp
(Max Temp + Min Temp) / 2
Total of hourly Temp / 24
Mean Monthly Temp
Total of ave daily temp / total no. of days
Mean Annual Temp
Total of 12 mean mthly temp / 12