6 - 1 Introduction to US Health Care Text by Dennis D. Pointer, Stephen J. Williams, Stephen L. Isaacs & James R. Knickman with Tracy Barr PowerPoints by Robin Pickering Eastern Washington University Professor Evans Kaplan University-HS Unit 7

6 - 2 Introduction to US Health Care Chapter 6 Research and Technology

6 - 3 Understanding Medical Research Observation –Observe and describe what you see Inquiry –Ask questions Hypothesis –Formulate a hypothesis (proposition that can get tested) Experimentation –Test your hypothesis Theory –Create a judgment, concept, formula

6 - 4 Perception of Medication Early twentieth century: Herbal remedies (Before modern pharmaceuticals). This is what physicians relied on Addictive pain relievers Palliative Mid twentieth century : Penicillin (Used in 1940s to fight bacterial infections discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928) Curative potential

6 - 5 Noteworthy Medical Advances Advances in… Knowledge Diagnostic Techniques Treatment Options / Interventions Pharmaceuticals Information and Communication Technologies How the body works How various conditions affect the body How body responds to pathology and intervention How disease agents function

6 - 6 Noteworthy Medical Advances Advances in… Knowledge Diagnostic Techniques Treatment Options / Interventions Pharmaceuticals Information and Communication Technologies MRI scans See images of internal body systems and organs CT scans Takes X-ray images of various angles around body Intervention radiology Uses CT, ultrasound, and fluoroscopy to conduct biopsies, drainage, catheters, stents

6 - 7 Noteworthy Medical Advances Advances in… Knowledge Diagnostic Techniques Treatment Options / Interventions Pharmaceuticals Information and Communication Technologies Minimally invasive procedures Devices / techniques to reduce need for surgery Gene therapy Xeno-transplantation Organ / tissue transplantation

6 - 8 Noteworthy Medical Advances Advances in… Knowledge Diagnostic Techniques Treatment Options / Interventions Pharmaceuticals Information and Communication Technologies Superstatins Selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs) Quinolone antibiotics

6 - 9 Noteworthy Medical Advances Advances in… Knowledge Diagnostic Techniques Treatment Options / Interventions Pharmaceuticals Information and Communication Technologies Process-management systems Clinical information interfaces and data analysis Telemedicine and remote monitoring

Unit 8 Read article: Ethics of Marketing Attend Seminar (Tuesday, 10/18/11 at 6:00pm) Discussion (Initial by Saturday, 10/15/11, two posts to classmates by Tuesday, 10/18/11) Assignment (Due by Tuesday, 10/18/11) –For this week’s assignment, you will be creating a marketing tool for your practice to advertise the new vaccine clinic. You can either create a brochure to send out in the mail or posters to display around town. Consider your audience (who are you targeting?) while you create this item. Think about what would catch your eye as a customer when putting this together. You can create this tool in Word as a poster with clip art, etc. (watch copyright information), or as a brochure. Your grade will be based upon how effective your tool is at addressing the target audience, how well you catch their attention, the quality of the information you provide them, and the overall look of the tool. NO REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT!

Telemedicine Obstacles Lack of availability of standard technologies –Unavailability of high-speed internet access in remote area Cost: the initial cost of investment is high Threatening to many professionals in the health care industry. Seen as eroding their profession

Do you feel telemedicine is (will) erode the health care profession?

What are some other obstacles of telemedicine?

Public Research Facilities National Institutes of Health (NIH) Part of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Conducts and manages research Composed of 27 institutes and centers

Academic Health Centers Created explosion of knowledge in biomedical science & clinical research Include medical school, other program, & teaching hospital Increased funding of NIH Expansion of clinical enterprise after World War II –ICUs, burn centers, heart transplant programs, etc.

Funding Research Public Funds Private Donors or Benefactors Driven by profit Only fund “profitable” research? Bill and Melinda Gates foundation Rockerfeller Foundation Pharmaceutical companies Objective? Tobacco companies researching effects of smoking Role of public funding of health care has grown over past century, but role of public funding of research has been declining Public funding includes: Federal, state, and local governments Apply for funding

Challenges of Research/Continuing advancement Private funding of research is almost always driven by profit –Pressures on researchers and their findings –Critics feel that medical conditions that are not viewed as profitible may lack funding and will not get researched

Cost of Health Care As research grows, new & advanced methods of treating diseases are discovered Cost is initially high Can take months of years to get price lowered –Example: laser eye surgery (initially cost $10,000 now it is as little as $2,

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