Logos, Ethos and Pathos

Whenever you read an argument you must ask yourself, ”Is this persuasive? And if so, to whom?"

There are several ways to appeal to an audience. Among them are appealing to logos, ethos and pathos.

These appeals are prevalent in almost all arguments.

Logos: –The Greek word logos is the basis for the English word logic. –Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect, the general meaning of "logical argument." –Everyday arguments rely heavily on ethos and pathos, but academic arguments rely more on logos: there will be logical chains of reasoning supporting all claims.

Logos Example Few of our children breath fresh air in their schools, which are being sprayed, inside and out, with millions of pounds of deadly, nervous system destroying pesticides. What are the details provided in this claim?

Ethos: –Ethos is related to the English word ethics and refers to the trustworthiness of the speaker/writer. –Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what s/he has to say. –When a judge comments on legal precedent audiences tend to listen because it is the job of a judge to know the nature of past legal cases.

Ethos Example: Product: George Foreman and his Grilling Machine Repertoire: Boxing Champ and a Preacher Why is George Foreman credible?

Pathos: –Pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy and empathy. –Whenever you accept an claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. –They may be any emotions: love, fear, patriotism, guilt, hate or joy.

–A majority of arguments in the popular press are heavily dependent on pathetic appeals. –Appeals to pathos touch a nerve and compel people to not only listen, but to also take the next step and act in the world.

Pathos Example: How does this advertisement appeal to emotion? Why?

Ethos, Logos, Pathos PARTNER WORK Ethos- ethical appeal & speaker’s credibility Example: (Create your own appeal about why students should or should not be allowed to use their I-Pods in the classroom) Logos- logical appeal/argument Example: (Create your own appeal about why students should or should not be allowed to use their I-Pods in the classroom) Pathos- emotional appeal Example: (Create your own appeal about why students should or should not be allowed to use their I-Pods in the classroom)

What are the types of Evidence? 1. Personal Experience (anecdotes/stories) 2. Statistic/Reason/Fact 3. Allusion (historical reference) 4. Authority and or quotes ( expert information) 5. Examples and or quotes 6. Analogy (comparison…like a long simile) 7. Hypothetical Situation (description of something) 8. Commentary (comments from author or others)

Types of Evidence Labels PARTNER WORK

VISUAL ARGUMENT

SLIDE 1 COPY ON LEFT & RESPOND ON THE RIGHT How do Americans feel about drinking? Slide 1

SLIDE 2 COPY ON LEFT & RESPOND ON THE RIGHT Who is the audience? To what do these appeal? What type of argument is being used? Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6

SLIDE 3 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT Who is the audience? To what do these appeal? What type of argument is being used?

SLIDE 4 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT Who is the audience? To what do these appeal? What type of argument is being used?

SLIDE 5 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT Who is the audience? To what do these appeal? What type of argument is being used?

SLIDE 6 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT Who is the audience? To what do these appeal? What type of argument is being used?

SLIDE 7 COPY ON LEFT & RESPOND ON THE RIGHT What do we associate with drinking? Slide 7

SLIDE 8 COPY ON LEFT & RESPOND ON THE RIGHT What is happening here? What emotional impact do these have on the viewer? Slide 8 Slide 9

SLIDE 9 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT What is happening here? What emotional impact do these have on the viewer?

SLIDE 10 COPY ON LEFT & RESPOND ON THE RIGHT What is a PSA? Which is more effective (respond after seeing both slides)? Slide 10 Slide 11

SLIDE 11 RESPOND ON THE RIGHT What is a PSA? = Public Service Announcement Which is more effective? Why?

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