Chapter 18 The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1763

The European States Enlightened Absolutism? Natural Rights American Declaration of Independence How are natural rights to be established and preserved? “Enlightened despotism” – Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria The Atlantic Seaboard States France: The Long Rule of Louis XV Rules 1715-1774 1743 decides to rule alone Succeeded by Louis XVI, 1774-1792

Great Britain: King and Parliament United Kingdom of Great Britain, 1707 Ministers chosen by the king to make policy and guide Parliament “Pocket boroughs” Hanoverians – George I, 1714-1727 and George II, 1727-1760 Queen Anne (1702-1714) the last Stuart ruler Robert Walpole, 1721-1742, prime minister George III, 1760-1820 John Wilkes William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806), prime minister in 1803 Decline of the Dutch Republic Oligarchs House of Orange Dutch burghers

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Prussia: The Army and The Bureaucracy Frederick William I, 1713-1740 General Directory Bureaucracy Junkers Army Frederick the Great, 1740-1786 Law code Maintains serfdom Expansion into Silesia War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years’ War

The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs Empress Maria Theresa, 1740-1780 Loss of Silesia in War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 Shares throne with Joseph II, 1765-1780 Joseph II, 1780-1790 Reforms Russia Under Catherine the Great, 1762-1796 Reform – Instruction, 1767 Strengthens landholders at expense of serfs Rebellion of Emelyan Pugachev, 1773-1775 Territorial expansion

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The Mediterranean World Destruction of Poland Partition in 1772, 1793, and 1795 The Mediterranean World Spain Bourbon rule and reform Portugal Italy dominated by Austria Scandinavian States Sweden Gustavus III, 1771-1792 Denmark Enlightened Absolutism Revisited Rarity and brevity Reality

The Partitions of Poland ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Partitions of Poland

Wars and Diplomacy The War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 Charles VI, Pragmatic Sanction Vulnerability of Maria Theresa Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 Diplomatic Revolution European War Indian War North American War William Pitt the Elder British victory

The Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War

Economic Expansion and Social Change European Armies and Warfare Professional armies Class division in the armies Rank and file from the lower classes Navies Size of armies Use of tactics to preserve armies Economic Expansion and Social Change Growth of the European Population Falling death rate Improvements in diet Lack of hygiene Outbreaks of disease

Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns Child Care Treatment of Children Impact of Rousseau’s, Emile Infanticide Foundling institutions Marriage and Birthrates Late marriages Family economy An Agricultural Revolution? Increased land under cultivation Increased livestock Jethro Tull (1674-1741) Potato and maize Enclosure

New Methods of Finance European Industry National Banks National debt Investment in colonial trading companies European Industry Textile and cottage industry Mechanized production Flying shuttle Richard Arkwright (1732-1792), “water frame” Mechanized looms, 1780s

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The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century The Peasants Domination by wealthy landowners Obligations Village as center of culture Diet The Nobility Military service The Aristocratic Way of Life: The Country House House, lower and upper floors The Aristocratic Way of Life: The Grand Tour Educational purpose, tour Europe’s major cities

Inhabitants of Towns and Cities Urban oligarchy Emergent middle class Petty bourgeoisie Laborers Problem of Poverty Charity and work