1. Absolutism in Central Europe

2. Absolutism in 17 th Century Central Europe Economic and social conditions made Absolutism different in Central Europe: –Powerful nobility and much poorer peasantry –Less industrial and more rural –Fewer towns –Monarchs had a more difficult time diminishing power of nobility in the countryside. As a trade-off, the monarch gave the aristocrats even greater power over their own peasants in return for their support for his centralized government.

3. Hapsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire

4. The Hapsburg Empire Religious and ethnic divisions. Ethnic hostility. Habsburgs needed the aristocracy to secure their rule. Economically backward, compared to France, England. Fewer towns, lack of industry. Aristocrats had almost complete control over their large peasant populations. Serfdom. –Serfdom allowed by Hapsburgs to gain support of aristocracy

5. How the Hapsburg’s Gained Power Began as minor Swiss nobility in the middle ages By 1558, the Hapsburg empire had become one on “which the sun never set.” Not just Holy Roman Emperors, but also: –Dukes of wealthy Burgundy and the “Low-Counties” –Kings of Bohemia and Hungary –Kings of Spain (which included more than half of the Americas and the Philippines) How did that happen? Warfare? Wealth? Diplomatic excellence? Yes. But mostly, they gained power, wealth, and status through smart marriages. A Latin verse from the 16 th century states: “Let others wage war, you - happy Austria - marry!"

6. Good Marriages = Power Marriages to princesses of Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, and Hungary Joanna of Castile Mary of Burgundy

7. Leopold I 1640-1705 Younger son, never intended to rule Well educated, but meant for the monastery Very shy

8. Leopold I Peer of Louis XIV but much different personality –Preferred to live a secluded life –Enforced strict royal court protocol from the Spanish court –Dressed in somber black –Inquisitive: loved books and science experiments

9. Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor, also king of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia Ruled 47 years

10. Leopold I Problems with France –Spanish Succession –Grand Alliance: Austria and England vs. France over the Netherlands Problems with the Turks –Turks keep challenging Austrian Empire –1663-1683: Turkish army comes close to conquering Vienna –1699: Sultan signs peace treaty with Leopold

11. Schonbrunn Palace

12. Schönbrunn Palace

15. Hohenzollerens of Brandenburg-Prussia

16. Prussia in early 18 th century Prussia is divided by German states.

17. Early Prussian History Brandenburg-Prussia was a scattered collection of domains centered around Berlin. During the Thirty Years' War, Prussian lands were repeatedly marched across by various armies Frederick William (1640-1688) begins creating the Prussian Army

18. Junker Means “young lord” in German Usually a lesser noble in the Middle Ages Took up careers as soldiers and mercenaries. Became the aristocracy of Prussia They dominated all the higher civil offices and officer corps of the army and navy Strong supporters of monarchy and tradition

19. King Frederick I of Prussia Reigned 1701-1713 The “soldier king” Developed the Prussian army into one of the most powerful in Europe In view of the size of the army in relation to the total population Voltaire said later: " Where some states possess an army, the Prussian Army possesses a state! "Voltaire

20. Frederick II – “The Great” Reigned 1740-1786 Invaded the Austrian province of Silesia Made Prussia a great power Laid the foundation for the eventual unification of German states into Germany

21. Frederick II Admired the French Enlightenment and philosopher Voltaire Did not believe in the Divine Right of Kings Practiced “Enlightened Absolutism”

23. Charles VI Reigned 1711-1740 Feared his daughter would not keep the empire intact Pragmatic Sanction of Prague While alive, persuaded other European nations to agree to it. Hoped to prevent war. Reality: at his death, Europe sank into another era of warfare –Prussia immediately seized Silesia, an Austrian province –Austria declared war on Prussia

24. Empress Maria Theresa Reigned 1740- 1780 Strengthened Austria militarily, economically, intellectually

25. Maria Theresa and Her Family 16 children One of her youngest daughters was Marie Antoinette, queen of France

26. War of the Austrian Succession Began in 1740 The accession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg Empire after the death of her father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, created a crisis. The war involved all of Europe –France and England fought for power in Europe and to become strongest colonial power –Conflict spread to America, where it was known as King George's War France, Prussia, Spain vs. Austria and Britain Potential upset of the “Balance of Power” –Britain feared a too-powerful France

27. War of Austrian Succession Major Battles –1 st Silesian War: 1741, Austrian and French defeat Encouraged France, Spain, and Prussia to tear apart and take Austrian lands –2 nd Silesian War: 1742, Austria and Prussia make peace, but war continues in North America and Low Countries –The war shifts after 1742 to more direct conflict between France and England Battle of Dettingen (1943): French defeat Battle of Fontenoy (1745): French victory

28. The War Ends? The End: Treaty of Aix-le-Chapelle (1748) –Prussia gets to keep Silesia –Prussia becomes a major European power The End is really the Beginning –The Seven Years War began in 1755 –Result: France loses most presence in N. America, England becomes most dominant colonial power

29. Poland 15 th -- 16 th Century: “Golden Age” of stability and advancement Downfall: –Partitions of Poland: 1772-1795 Divided amongst Austria, Prussia, and Russia 1795: End of Poland as a nation until the Napoleonic Era