Afghanistan Nationalism By: Ebony Uribe Cindy Nguyen

Nationalism Definition Refers to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. It is a type of collectivism emphasizing the collective of a specific nation. Refers to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. It is a type of collectivism emphasizing the collective of a specific nation. Nationalism Drive Nationalism Drive Control Control Power Power Domination Domination Unity Unity

History Crossroad between different civilizations. Crossroad between different civilizations. 522 BCE--486 BCE- Persia conquerd Afghanistan 522 BCE--486 BCE- Persia conquerd Afghanistan 329 BCE– 326 BCE- Alexander the Great of Macedonia 329 BCE– 326 BCE- Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Afghanistan conquered Afghanistan 652- Arabs introduce Islam Arabs introduce Islam.

History cont Descendants of Ghorid rulers conquer Afghanistan Descendants of Ghorid rulers conquer Afghanistan Uprising against Moghul government Uprising against Moghul government Nadir Shah (head of Persia) Nadir Shah (head of Persia) occupies parts of Afghanistan. occupies parts of Afghanistan Shah is assassinated. Afghans, establish modern Afghanistan Shah is assassinated. Afghans, establish modern Afghanistan.

History cont Rule of Timur Shah. Internal revolts Rule of Timur Shah. Internal revolts Dost Mohammad Khan establishes control Dost Mohammad Khan establishes control Britain invades Britain invades Annihilation of British troops= Annihilation of British troops= Afghanistan is independent again USA formally recognizes Afghanistan USA formally recognizes Afghanistan.

History Cont Taliban militia are born Taliban militia are born Taliban destroy historical momentums Taliban destroy historical momentums.

9/11 Taliban - September 11 th : suicide attacks on the U.S. kill more than 3,000 people and destroy the two towers of the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon. Taliban - September 11 th : suicide attacks on the U.S. kill more than 3,000 people and destroy the two towers of the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon.

Opposition Suppressed Ahmad Shah Masood Ahmad Shah Masood In April 2001, he was visiting Europe to gain support against the Taliban. In April 2001, he was visiting Europe to gain support against the Taliban. Two days before 9/11, Masood was killed by assassins posing as journalists. Two days before 9/11, Masood was killed by assassins posing as journalists. Abdul Haq Abdul Haq Was trying to create a popular uprising in Afghanistan against the Taliban in the wake of the September 11th attacks. Was trying to create a popular uprising in Afghanistan against the Taliban in the wake of the September 11th attacks. Executed by the Taliban in October Executed by the Taliban in October 2001.

Languages Most common languages Most common languages Eastern Farsi/ Dari Eastern Farsi/ Dari Pashto Pashto Other Other Uzbek & Turkmen Uzbek & Turkmen 30 minor languages 30 minor languages Bilingualism is common Bilingualism is common Big difference in literacy rates for males and females. Big difference in literacy rates for males and females.

Religions Mid-1980s Mid-1980s ~ 30, ,00 Hindus & Sikhs in varies cities (mainly Jalalabad, Kabul, & Kandahar) ~ 30, ,00 Hindus & Sikhs in varies cities (mainly Jalalabad, Kabul, & Kandahar) 99% Muslim 99% Muslim 74-80% Sunni 74-80% Sunni 19-25% Shi’a 19-25% Shi’a Small Jewish community Small Jewish community Last one is Zablon Simintov Last one is Zablon Simintov

Taliban

Education Obstacles Obstacles Lack of funding Lack of funding Unsafe school building Unsafe school building Cultural norms Cultural norms Lack of women teacher Lack of women teacher Rapid change in the face of higher education Rapid change in the face of higher education After 2001, Kabul University was reopened to both genders. After 2001, Kabul University was reopened to both genders.

Education cont. 2006: American University of Afghanistan opened its door & accepted students from Afghanistan & the neighboring countries 2006: American University of Afghanistan opened its door & accepted students from Afghanistan & the neighboring countries New military school with purpose of properly training & educating their soldiers New military school with purpose of properly training & educating their soldiers

Media Media was very restricted Media was very restricted Censorship slowly loosend after 2001 Censorship slowly loosend after 2001 Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment as 1 st for most free Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment as 1 st for most free

Ethnic Groups 41% Pashtun 41% Pashtun 38% Tajik 38% Tajik 10% Hazara 10% Hazara 6% Uzbek 6% Uzbek Population – large variety of Ethnic groups No exact distribution 2% Turkmen 2% Turkmen 1% Nuristani 1% Nuristani 1% Baloch 1% Baloch 1% other 1% other

Economy One of world’s poorest countries. One of world’s poorest countries. Recovering from decades of conflict. Recovering from decades of conflict. Has improved significantly since fall of Taliban. Has improved significantly since fall of Taliban. Extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependant on foreign aid, agriculture, and trade with neighboring countries. Extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependant on foreign aid, agriculture, and trade with neighboring countries. Main source of income is agriculture. Main source of income is agriculture. Industry based on agriculture and pastoral raw materials. Industry based on agriculture and pastoral raw materials.

Economy Continued Sheep farming is extremely valuable. Sheep farming is extremely valuable. Rich in natural resources. Rich in natural resources. $8 billion in bilateral debt. $8 billion in bilateral debt. $500 million in debt to Multilateral Development Banks. $500 million in debt to Multilateral Development Banks. Unit of money= Afghani Unit of money= Afghani Population below poverty line= 53% Population below poverty line= 53% Unemployment rate= 40% Unemployment rate= 40%

Taliban's New Target – Mobile - Phone Towers destroyed a mobile-phone tower destroyed a mobile-phone tower No telephone signals during the evening and overnight No telephone signals during the evening and overnight Taliban want to damage economy Taliban want to damage economy Mobile networks are Mobile networks are important for ordinary Afghans

Current Event- June 8, 2009 New troops to defeat Taliban. New troops to defeat Taliban. Marine buildup will occur in Hemland. Marine buildup will occur in Hemland. USA is helping Afghan government vs. Taliban. USA is helping Afghan government vs. Taliban.

Future of Afghanistan Taliban moves away Taliban moves away Less US troops Less US troops Country unites Country unites Less censorship Less censorship Improved education Improved education Kabul rebuilt Kabul rebuilt

TheEnd