1. Pakistan, Afghanistan

2. People Pakistan Sunni: 75-85% Shia: 10-25% Punjabis 42% Pashtuns 17.%
Sindhis 14%
Seraikis 10%
Muhajirs 7%
Balochs 3%

3. People Afghanistan Population 31 million Languages: Dari (50%) Pashtu,
Uzbek, Turkmen
80% Sunni, 20% Shia
Pashtun 40%
Tajik 33%
Hazara 11%
Uzbek 9%
Aimak %
Turkmen %
Baloch %

4. The Great Game 19th C

5. Pakistan
Afghanistan
Nuclear capable
US ally
Close ties to Saudi Arabia
Perpetual potential conflict with India
Soviet invasion 1979
Emergence of the Taliban
Coalition invasion 2001
Continued instability

6. Nuclear Weapons Nuclear capable 1988 A. Q. Khan network
Centrifuge technologies exchanged for missile technologies with N. Korea, as well as deals with Iran and Libya

7. Saudi Pakistan Special Relationship
Pakistan provides, arms and training for the Saudi military
Pakistan Air Force involved in Yemen in s and 1980s, 15,000 Pakistani soldiers in Saudi
Purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles
Saudi funded Pakistan's bomb programme
Extensive religious and educational aide to Pak
1 Million Pakistani immigrants in Saudi
Trade agreements

8. Eastern Theatre of the Middle East Cold War
Both Iran and Saudi have influence in Afghanistan
Saudi does so through relations with Pakistan
Iran seeks allies among the Persian speaking Shi’ite

9. Conflict in Afghanistan
(1978) Saur Revolution, anti communist insurrection
(1979–89) Soviet–Afghan War
(1989–92) Afghan Civil War– collapse of Communist Najibullah government
(1992–96) Afghan Civil War
(1996–2001) Taliban majority control
(2001) Coalition intervention

10. ISI and the Taliban
Taliban Developed from the Soviet – Afghan War, Trained by Pakistan, Armed by US and Saudi Arabia
Attempt to promote a pro-Pakistan government used Afghanistan as a buffer to the USSR
Following Soviet withdrawal civil war emerged in 1989

11. Taliban vs Northern Alliance
Peshwar Accord, Islamic State of Afghanistan
Civil War, Tribal Warlords
Taliban, 1996 – 2001, Mullah Omar
Northern Alliance
Ahmed Shah Masood

12. War on Terror
Following 9/11 refusal to surrender Osama bin Landen resulted in multi-national invasion
2004 New government established, with limited control over the country