 Composition: Silicon, Oxygen, and Aluminum  Types: › Continental Crust: solid & rocky outer layer › Oceanic Crust: thin & dense material

 Includes the Earth’s Crust & Upper Mantle  Divided into small and large tectonic plates that help move the continental and oceanic crust

 Composition: Silicon, Oxygen, and Magnesium  Thickest layer  Convection currents are located here

 Composition: Molten (liquid) Iron & Nickle

 Composition: Solid Iron & Nickle  Solid because of the pressure from the layers above  Solid inner core spins in the molten (liquid) outer core › Creates the Earth’s Magnetic Field  Hottest layer

 Happens in the Middle Mantle › Has hot, dense rock that slowly flows  Movement created moves the tectonic plates in the Lithosphere  Caused by hot material, deep in the Mantle, being heated by the Core to rise then cool and sink again

 Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surface

 Molten rock found on the Earth’s surface

 Large pieces of Earth’s crust (lithosphere) that can move, collide, or slide past each other  Causes: › Continental drifting › Earthquakes › Volcanoes › Mountains › Ocean trenches

 States pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the Mantle  Explains: › Plate formation › Plate movement › Subduction of plates

 Two tectonic plates moving toward each other and collide  Types = Creates: › Continental-continental = Mountains & their ranges › Oceanic-oceanic = Island Arcs › Continental-oceanic = Subduction Zone & Trenches

 Two tectonic plates moving away from each other  Creates: › Volcanoes › Mid-Ocean Ridge › New Ocean Floor › Rift Valley

 Two tectonic plates that move or slide past one another › Opposite or same direction at different rates  Creates: › Earthquakes › Fault lines

 Continents have shifted their position over geologic time  One time, all land masses were connected to form Pangaea  Evidence: › Continents look to fit together › Minerals, fossils, and mountains now on different continents would match if they were together

 Magma and molten material rises from the convection currents to create a divergent boundary, separating plates  Helps move the continents  Oceans are spreading ~2 cm per year  Creates: › New Ocean Floor Crust › Mid-Ocean Ridges

 Process where the ocean floor sinks beneath an ocean trench and melts back into the Mantle