America’s Second Reconstruction The Civil Rights Movement,

The Unfinished Business of Reconstruction In what ways had African Americans experienced success during the Reconstruction era? In what ways had Reconstruction failed African Americans? Where did African Americans stand in American society by 1950?

The Need for a Civil Rights Movement Key Events in African American History, Dred Scott Decision (1857) Civil War Amendments (1865 – 1869) – gains and losses ?? Vigilante “justice”, the KKK, and lynchings (1870s-1960s) Plessy vs. Ferguson Court Case (1896) Jim Crow Laws

The Need for a Civil Rights Movement Key Events in African American History, 1900 – 1950 Creation of NAACP (1910) Great Migration (1916 – 1920) Harlem Renaissance (1920s) WWII and the “Double V” Campaign (1941 – 1945) Truman’s desegregation of the military (1947)

School Desegregation Thurgood Marshall and NAACP lawyers following the Brown decision Brown Family, Topeka, KS

School Desegregation: Southern Opposition Protesting Desegregation in Arkansas Protesting Desegregation in Alabama

School Desegregation: State vs. Federal Authority

Roots of the Movement (1954 – 1957) Brown vs. Bd of Ed Legal justification for desegregation based on 14 th Amendment Emmett Till Murder Generated anger  change Montgomery Bus Boycott Proved the power of mass, peaceful demonstrations of the people Leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Creation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 Built on energy of Montgomery Bus Boycott Organization of ministers and community leaders; led by King Message 20 th Century Social Gospel Nonviolent Resistance (Ghandi) Highly confrontational, but not violent Civil Disobedience (Thoreau) Peacefully disobey unjust laws Love, not hate (Jesus Christ)

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Student Involvement and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – 1960 Biracial Worked with SCLC, but more radical Sit-In Movement Attempt to desegregate lunch counters Nashville, TN and Greensboro, NC Students highly trained in nonviolent methods Boycotts of national chains in support of movement

Sit-In Movement Greensboro, NC 1960 Northern support for sit-ins John Lewis and other SNCC members jailed for sit-ins

Sit-In Movement Jackson, Mississippi Woolworth’s

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Election of 1960

Freedom Riders Bus Burnings – Anniston, AL Rider Jim Zwerg – Montgomery, AL riots

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Freedom Riders (1961) CORE and SNCC participation Testing federal interstate bus desegregation mandates Trouble in the Deep South Anniston, AL Birmingham and Montgomery, AL Role of the federal government Jackson, MS – riders arrested and sentenced to 60 days in prison

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Birmingham, AL (April 1963) Most racially segregated and explosive city in the South King, Shuttlesworth, SCLC organize to desegregate the city Boycotted stores Public demonstrations and protests King arrested  “Letter from Birmingham Jail” – a defense of civil disobedience Children’s Crusade – May 2 Why kids? 900+kids arrested Reactions of Bull Connor  dogs, fire hoses, tear gas Americans and the world shocked, horrified

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Violence in B-ham  JFK drafted new civil rights legislation March on Washington (August 1963) to show support for proposed law Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed segregation in public accommodations and in government funded facilities Promoted equal employment opportunities

High Tide of the Movement (1957 – 1965) Voting Rights 24 th Amendment (1964) – outlawed poll taxes Freedom Summer (Mississippi 1964) Selma – Montgomery March (March 1965) Selma = 2.1% of blacks registered to vote  King led “freedom march” Violence at Edmond Pettus Bridge – “Bloody Sunday” (March 7) LBJ sent in federal marshals and National Guard  march resumed 2 weeks later Voting Rights Act – August 1965 Banned literacy tests Federal authority to register voters Tripled African American voting #’s in 1 year

Selma – Montgomery March