The Renaissance & Reformation The Reformation Ideas Spread

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Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith?  Was firmly against the Protestant revolt but soon a dispute emerged in 1527  Henry’s motives were not theological but matrimonial & economical  Wanted the Church’s vast wealth: property, labor/services & money  Pope vs. Henry VIII  Henry had one child, daughter – Mary Tudor  Wife was unable to bear a son  Henry VIII wanted an annulment to marry Anne Boleyn – pope said no

 Break with Rome  Henry VIII used Parliament to take over the Church in England  Act of Supremacy 1534 – Henry VIII proclaimed supreme ruler of the Church of England  Through a policy of confiscation, Henry VIII redistributed Church wealth & property to secular supporters  Resistant Catholics were executed for treason  Anglican Church established  Henry VIII rejected most Protestant doctrines  Aside from breaking away from Rome & using the English Bible, most forms of Catholicism remained  Married Anne Boleyn, had another daughter – Elizabeth  Henry VIII married four more times & had one son – Edward

Edward VI & Bloody Mary  Edward died in his teens, sister Mary becomes Queen  Determined to return England to Catholicism  Hundreds of Protestants were burned at the stake  Edward VI – king at 10 yrs old  Advisors were devout Protestants  Parliament passed new laws ushering in Protestant reforms  Uprisings were brutally suppressed

The Elizabethan Settlement  Elizabeth became queen in 1558  Elizabeth created a compromise between Protestants & Catholics  Catholic ceremony & ritual were kept  Clergy remained but monarch was head of the Church, not the Pope  Moderate Protestant doctrines were accepted  Church services were conducted in English, not Latin

The Catholic Reformation  Pope Paul III  Set out to revive the authority of the Church in the 1530s & 1540s  To stamp out corruption, he appointed reformers to ‘clean house’  Council of Trent – 1545  Church leaders met to reaffirm the traditional Catholics views Protestants rejected  Created schools to better educate clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings

 The Inquisition  Strengthened by Pope Paul  Used secret testimony, torture & execution to root out heresy  Forbidden Books – list of works considered immoral  Included books by Luther & Calvin

The Jesuits  Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540  New religious order created to combat heresy in Europe  Rigorous religious training, discipline & obedience  Advised Catholic rulers & helped them combat heresy  Established schools to instill Catholic beliefs  Sent missionaries throughout Asia, Africa & the Americas.

Widespread Intolerance: Witch Hunts  Religious frenzy & wars fostered intolerance  Witch Hunts  Btw 1450 & 1750, tens of thousands of men & women died as victims from witch hunts  Victims were social outcasts: beggars, poor widows, midwives & herbalists  Most victims were in Germany, Switzerland & France – areas with brutal religious wars

Widespread Intolerance: Jews  In the 1500s, Jews were placed in ghettos throughout Italy & pressured to convert  Luther hoped Jews would convert to Protestantism – they didn’t  Called for the expulsion of Jews from Christian lands, the destruction of books & property  Some German princes did expel the Jews, others forced them to wear yellow badges  Charles V banned Jews from the Americas  After 1550, many Jews fled to Eastern Europe & the Ottoman Empire

The End