ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Basic Chemistry

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter and Energy  ___________ – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)  ___________ -- the amount of matter in any living organism or nonliving thing

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter  Elements  Fundamental units of matter  ______ of the body is made from four elements  ___________  Trace elements- ___ elements present in tiny amounts (refer to pg. 23, table 2.1 for examples)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic Structure Atoms  Building blocks of elements  Nucleus  _________  Outside of nucleus  _________ Figure 2.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Identifying Elements  Atomic number  Equal to the number of _______ that the atoms contain  Atomic mass number  Sum of the ________ and _________  The atomic number of atom X is 72, the mass number is 36, how many protons are present? –neutrons?

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds  __________ – two or more _____ atoms combined chemically  __________ – two or more _______ atoms combined chemically

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Reactions  Atoms are united by ________ bonds  What determines whether or not an atom will form a bond? _____________________________ _____________________________

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons and Bonding  Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells  Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (__________)  ______ valence shells do not form bonds

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inert Elements (stable)  Have complete valence shells and are stable  Rule of 8s (__________)  Shell 1 has 2 electrons  Shell 2 has 10 electrons  10 =  Shell 3 has 18 electrons  18 = Figure 2.4a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reactive Elements  Valence shells are not full and are unstable  Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons  Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence Figure 2.4b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds  ________ _________  Form when electrons are _________ _____________ from one atom to another  Ions  Charged particles  __________ are negative  __________ are positive  Either _______ or _________ electrons IONIC BONDS ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds  ___________ __________  Atoms become stable through shared electrons  ________ covalent bonds share one electron  ________ covalent bonds share two electrons Figure 2.6c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings COVALENT BONDS ANIMATION Examples of Covalent Bonds Figure 2.6a–b PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.7 Polarity  ___________ _________ molecules  Some are non-polar  Electrically neutral as a molecule  Some are polar  Have a positive and negative side

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Bonds  _________ ______  ________ chemical bonds  Hydrogen is attracted to ________ portion of polar molecule  Provides attraction between molecules

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Synthesis reaction (______________)  Atoms or molecules combine  Energy is absorbed for bond formation All synthesis reactions in the human body are called ___________

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Patterns of Chemical Reaction  Decomposition reaction (_____________)  Molecule is broken down  Chemical energy is released All decomposition reactions in the human body are called ___________

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Figure 2.9a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.9c Patterns of Chemical Reactions  Exchange reaction (AB  AC+B)  Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions  Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made