prezentácie dostupné na:

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Biological classifications Alessandro Minelli University of Padova.

Advertisements

Estimating and using phylogenies

LG 4 Outline Evolutionary Relationships and Classification

Introduction Classification Phylogeny Cladograms Quiz

BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics I.Phylogenetic terms and concepts A.Phylogeny 1. Defined 2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny 3. Clade and.

Lecture 2 - The History of Phylogenetic Inference Haeckel’s evolutionary trees are among the first attempts at phylogeny inference.

BIO2093 – Phylogenetics Darren Soanes Phylogeny I.

Plant Molecular Systematics (Phylogenetics). Systematics classifies species based on similarity of traits and possible mechanisms of evolution, a change.

Early Earth (a brief history of time & the Big Bang)

Systematics Study of the diversity of organisms to classify them and determine their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy: naming, identifying and classifying.

 A way for identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals  Mitochondia: c oxidase subunit 1.

Phylogenetic Analysis – Part 2 Spring Outline   Why do we do phylogenetics (cladistics)?   How do we build a tree?   Do we believe the tree?

A) 80 b) 53 c) 13 d) x 2 = : 10 = 3, x 3 = 309.

JYC: CSM17 BioinformaticsCSM17 Week 10: Summary, Conclusions, The Future.....? Bioinformatics is –the study of living systems –with respect to representation,

JYC: CSM17 BioinformaticsCSM17 Week2: Biological Classification Fundamental concepts Traditional methods Nomenclature (naming) Taxonomy & systematics Overview.

JYC: CSM17 BioinformaticsCSM17 Week 4: Evolutionary systems Evolution and phylogeny Historical systems Modern methods Tools and software.

Classification and phylogeny

JYC: CSM17 BioinformaticsCSM17 Week 4: Evolutionary systems Evolution and phylogeny Historical systems Modern methods Tools and software.

JYC: CSM17 BioinformaticsCSM17 Week 2: Biological Classification Fundamental concepts Traditional methods Nomenclature (naming) Taxonomy & systematics.

Phylogeny & The Tree of Life. Phylogeny  The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

Processing & Testing Phylogenetic Trees. Rooting.

Systematics The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context.

CHAPTER 17 – CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANiSMS

Refined pea core collection based on qualitative and quantitative characteristics Clarice J. Coyne, USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction, Washington.

Organizing Biodiversity with Evolutionary Trees

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Objectives 1.Identify how phylogenies show evolutionary relationships. 2.Phylogenies are inferred based homologies.

What’s it all about?. Taxonomy Classification Creating groups Use characters Systematics Phylogenetic reconstruction.

Assembling the Tree of Life Diana Lipscomb Program Director, Systematic Biology Program National Science Foundation.

BIOLOGY 2404a FLORA AND VEGETATION OF ONTARIO Fall 2009 Lecture 3 Dr. R. Greg Thorn Department of Biology, UWO.

Phylogenetic Trees  Importance of phylogenetic trees  What is the phylogenetic analysis  Example of cladistics  Assumptions in cladistics  Frequently.

Lecture 2: Principles of Phylogenetics

PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Chapter 26 Sections 1-3 and 6.

The Science of Plant Classification. GOALS of TAXONOMY IDENTIFY all members of the plant kingdom NAME all plants ARRANGE plants into a HIERARCHY that.

Phylogenetic Analysis – Part 2. Outline   Why do we do phylogenetics (cladistics)?   How do we build a tree?   Do we believe the tree?   Applications.

What is a synapomorphy?. Terms systematics [taxonomy, phylogenetics] phylogeny/phylogenetic tree cladogram tips, branches, nodes homology apomorphy synapomorhy.

PHYLOGENY and SYSTEMATICS CHAPTER 25. VOCABULARY Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or related species Systematics – study of biological diversity.

Phylogeny & the Tree of Life

How do we infer phylogeny?

{ Early Earth and the Origin of Life Chapter 15.  The Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago  Earliest evidence for life on Earth  Comes from 3.5 billion-year-old.

Systematics and Phylogenetics Ch. 23.1, 23.2, 23.4, 23.5, and 23.7.

History of Biological Taxonomy BIOL447/ January 2016.

Phylogenetic Analysis – Part 2. Outline   Why do we do phylogenetics (cladistics)?   How do we build a tree?   Do we believe the tree?   Applications.

Ch 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics. phylogeny systematics taxonomy taxon.

Phylogeny & Systematics The study of the diversity and relationships among organisms.

© Oxford University Press How are the plates moving?

Classification, Taxonomy and Patterns of Organization Unit 1.4.

T Standard phylogenetic approaches and Three-taxon statement analysis remain as tools of discovery: Cryptic genera in Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae)

Phylogeny & the Tree of Life

Phylogenetics Scientists who study systematics are interested in phylogeny, or the ancestral relationships between species. Grouping organisms by similarity.

Lecture 2 - The History of Phylogenetic Inference

Phylogeny and Systematics

Introduction to Phylogenetic Systematics

Kladistika a další metody rekonstrukce evoluce

Classification the grouping of information or objects based on

Topics Need for systematics Applications of systematics

Polyploidy: Tricky Taxonomic Delimitation

Systematics: Tree of Life

Warm-Up Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least.

Warm-Up Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least.

Systematics: Tree of Life

Classifying Organisms

Taxonomy and Systematics

Chapter 19 Molecular Phylogenetics

Warm-Up Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least.

Bioinformatics CSM17 Week 4: Evolutionary systems

Warm-Up Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least.

Warm-Up Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least.

For Grouping and Naming Organisms

Space groups Start w/ 2s and 21s 222.

Bioinformatics CSM17 Week2: Biological Classification

Presentation transcript:

prezentácie dostupné na: Multivariační metody v taxonomii Karol Marhold kontakt: karol.marhold@savba.sk prezentácie dostupné na: http://www.ibot.sav.sk/Karol/mater_Karol.htm

Fenetický prístup (multivariačné metódy; “pattern”; zhluková analýza, ordinačné metódy, diskriminačná analýza) Kladistický prístup (parsimonická analýza) Alternatívne prístupy k rekonštrukcii fylogenézy (metóda spájania susedných objektov – neighbour joining method; metódy najväčšej pravdepodobnosti – maximum likelihood; Bayesovské metódy – Bayesian statistical methods) Geometrická morfometrika (Booksteinove súradnice tvaru, Prokrustova analýza, metóda ohybných pásiek - thin plate spline) Softvér: SAS (Statistical Analysis Software), SYN-TAX 2000, [PAUP* version 4.0, beta version 10 (http://paup.csit.fsu.edu/), ďalší špecializovaný softvér]

Fenetický prístup Michel Adanson (1727-1806) Familles des Plantes (1763) 65 rôznych klasifikácií, založených vždy na jednom znaku (napr. placentácia, typ súkvetia …)

Fenetický prístup Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, U.S.A. Michener, Ch.D. & Sokal, R.R. 1957. A quantitative approach to a problem in classification. Evolution 11: 130-162. Department of Microbiology, University of Leicester, U.K. Sneath, P.H.A. 1957. Some thoughts on bacterial classification. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17: 184-200. Sokal, R.R. & Sneath, P.H.A. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman and comp., San Francisco & London. Sneath, P.H.A. & Sokal, R.R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy, the principles and practice of numerical classification. W. H. Freeman and comp., San Francisco.

Zhlukovacia analýza

Analýza hlavných komponentov Kanonická diskriminačná analýza

Klasifikačná diskriminačná analýza skupina príslušnosť rastlín k stanoveným skupinám predpovedaná na základe vytvoreného klasifikačného kritéria (absolútny počet a percento rastlín klasifikovaných do jednotlivých skupín) amara austr. olot. opicii pyren. Celkom amara 349 20 3 1 7 380 91.84 5.26 0.79 0.26 1.84 100.00% austriaca 51 302 1 6 8 368 13.86 82.07 0.27 1.63 2.17 100.00% olotensis 2 0 99 0 0 101 1.98 0.00 98.02 0.00 0.00 100.00% opicii 1 9 0 326 42 378 0.26 2.38 0.00 86.24 11.11 100.00% pyrenaea 1 11 0 19 207 238 0.42 4.62 0.00 7.98 86.97 100.00%

Kladistický prístup Hennig, W. 1950: Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutsche Zentralverlag, Berlin. 1965: Phylogenetic systematics. Annual Review of Entomology 10: 97-116. 1966: Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Botanika: Koponen, T., 1968: Generic revision of Mniaceae Mitt. (Bryophyta). Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 117-151. Funk, V. & Stuessy, T. F. 1978: Cladistics for practicing plant taxonomist. Syst. Bot. 3: 159-178. Bremer, K. & Wantorp, H.- E. 1978: Phylogenetic systematics in botany. Taxon 27: 317-329.

W.H. Wagner, University of Michigan - Groundplan/divergence method

A Y-Z, X-Y-Z monofyletické skupiny B X-Y parafyletická skupina C X-Y polyfyletická skupina, paralelizmus D X-Y polyfyletická skupina, konvergencia

Primitívny stav znaku Pleziomorfia Sympleziomorfia Odvodený stav znaku Apomorfia Autapomorfia Synapomorfia Homoplázia = konvergencia + paralelizmus Mimoskupinové porovnanie (outgroup comparison)

Geometrická morfometrika

Geometrická morfometrika B D C

Geometrická morfometrika