1.  A way for identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals  Mitochondia: c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1)  Animals with more similar codes are more closely related.  iBOL  International Barcode of Life  Help from around the world

2.  First step is to determine which variant form of each character was present in the common ancestor of the entire group  The character state present in the common ancestor  Ancestral character  All other variant forms of the character arose later within the group  Evolutionarily derived character

3.  Polarity of a character  Refers to identifying which of characterisitc is ancestral and which one(s) is derived  Outgroup comparison  Method used to examine the polarity of a variable character  Outgroup  Group that is phylogenetically close but not within the group being studied  The character state found both within the group being studied and the outgroup is ancestral for the study group

5.  Two currently popular theories of taxonomy  Traditional Evolutionary Taxonomy  Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics)  A relationship between a taxonomic group and a phylogenetic tree or cladogram important in both theories Relationship can take on one of three forms  Monophyly  A monophyletic taxon includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

6.  Paraphyly  A taxon is paraphyletic if it includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor  Polyphyly  A taxon is polyphyletic if it does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group  The group has at least two separate evolutionary origins

8.  Current State of Animal Taxonomy  Modern animal taxonomy  Established using evolutionary systematics and recent cladistic revisions  Phylocode  New taxonomic system  Being developed as an alternative to Linnean taxonomy  Replaces Linnean ranks with codes that denote the hierarchy of monophyletic groups conveyed by cladograms  The terms “primitive,” “advanced,” “specialized” and “generalized”  Used for specific characteristics and not for groups as a whole

9.  There are three domains.  Archaea  Eucarya  Bacteria  In Eucarya we have 6 kingdoms  Plants  Animals  Fungi  Protista  (Archaeabacteria)  (Eubacteria)