Compounds and Bonding Putting 2 and 2 Together

Covalent Bonds

So what are covalent bonds?

Covalent Bonding: Sharing electrons

Cl 2 Chlorine forms a covalent bond with itself

Cl How will two chlorine atoms react?

Cl Each chlorine atom wants to gain one electron to achieve an octet

Cl Neither atom will give up an electron – chlorine is highly electronegative. What’s the solution – what can they do to achieve an octet?

Cl

octet

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets octet

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets This is the bonding pair

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets It is a single bonding pair

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets It is called a SINGLE BOND

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets Single bonds are abbreviated with a dash

Cl circle the electrons for each atom that completes their octets This is the chlorine molecule, Cl 2

O2O2 Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules

How will two oxygen atoms bond? OO

OO Each atom has two unpaired electrons

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative. So both atoms want to gain two electrons. OO

Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative. So both atoms want to gain two electrons. OO

OO

OO

OO

OO

O O Both electron pairs are shared.

6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet O O

6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet O O

two bonding pairs, O O making a double bond

O O = For convenience, the double bond can be shown as two dashes. O O

O O = This is the oxygen molecule, O 2 this is so cool! !

When two pairs of electrons are shared it is called a double bond. H H \ / C C / \ H H When three pairs of electrons are shared it is called a triple bond. H-C C-H When two pairs of electrons are shared it is called a double bond. H H \ / C C / \ H H When three pairs of electrons are shared it is called a triple bond. H-C C-H

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonds –Ionic bonding occurs when one atom transfers an electron to another atom This occurs when a metal reacts with a nonmetal Ionic Bonds –Ionic bonding occurs when one atom transfers an electron to another atom This occurs when a metal reacts with a nonmetal Na+1 + Cl-1 ® NaCl (table salt)

Two rules for keeping track of electrons in ionic bonding reactions. –Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration (octet rule) –The number of electrons that are lost must equal the number of electrons that are gained. Two rules for keeping track of electrons in ionic bonding reactions. –Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration (octet rule) –The number of electrons that are lost must equal the number of electrons that are gained.

–Ionic Compounds –Compounds that are held together by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. The elements in Group IA and IIA tend to lose electrons for form positive ions (Cations) The elements in Group VIA and VIIA tend to gain electrons to form negative ions. (Anions) –Ionic Compounds –Compounds that are held together by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. The elements in Group IA and IIA tend to lose electrons for form positive ions (Cations) The elements in Group VIA and VIIA tend to gain electrons to form negative ions. (Anions)

N O Cl N 3- nitride ion O 2- oxide ion Cl - chloride ion Example of anions

Some examples of Cations: Na Sr Ba Na + sodium ion Sr 2+ strontium ion Ba 2+ barium ion

IONIC BONDING

In an IONIC bond, electrons are lost or gained, resulting in the formation of IONS in ionic compounds. FK

FK

FK

FK

FK

FK

FK

FK + _

FK + _ The compound potassium fluoride consists of potassium (K + ) ions and fluoride (F - ) ions

FK + _ The ionic bond is the attraction between the positive K + ion and the negative F - ion