1-3. Answers will vary.

tusk Ice Age extinct

other animals become extinct, the climate changes

Lesson 11A Click here to enlarge the passage

Vocabulary Lesson 11A

imagine (v.) to think about something and form an idea in your mind

nearby (adv.) a short distance away

overall (adj.) referring to a situation in general

perfect (adj.) as good as it can possibly be, no errors or flaws

send (v.) to arrange for a letter or package to go to a person

analysis (n.) a careful examination of something

detail (n.) a small feature of something

ongoing (adj.) continuing, going on now

sequence (n.) the order in which something happens

lead (v.) to result in something happening

entire passage lines 6-7 lines 8-14

line 11 line 23

Imagine overall

details perfect sentanalysis

predator prey tail stomach finsjawsteeth

three animals Temnodontosaurus: largest eyes; Kronosaurus: huge head and teeth; Thalassomedon: very long neck, carried stones in stomach

Lesson 11B Click here to enlarge the passage

Vocabulary Lesson 11B

indeed (adv.) used to confirm something or strengthen a point

model (n.) a small or simplified copy of a larger thing

characteristic (n.) a special quality or feature of someone or something

probably (adv.) as is likely

prime (adj.) something that is most important in a situation

set (n.) things that belong together or are thought of as a group

grab (v.) to take or pick up something suddenly or roughly

crush (v.) to press something hard until it breaks

portion (n.) a part of something

defense (n.) action taken to protect against attack

entire passage line 1 line 11-16

line 19 lines 23-24

eyes prey bananas crush neck stones fish

probably characteristics

set grab/crush defense portions models indeed

crush Characteristics Models prime defense

Answers will vary, but possibilities include head shape and bill, long jaws, arm shape, two legs, long tail for balance, claws on feet.

defense sequence led to

prime characteristics Ongoing details indeed

They hatch their young from eggs. Answers will vary.

For More Information online/life/dinosaurs-other-extinct- creatures/index.html

Key Words for Internet Research AlbertosaurusJobariaThalassomedon DeinosuchusKronosaurusTylosaurus dinosaursSuperCrocwoolly mammoth giant squidTemnodontosau rus

Reading Skills

Reading for Gist Reading for gist is reading to get a general sense of what a reading passage is basically about. In other words, we read to understand the main topic, or theme of the passage. For example, a reading passage might basically be about a new type of technology, or a tourist's vacation trip, or a story about a fictional character.

Identifying Details Identifying details in a text to answer specific questions (eg: who, what, when, where, why) is often achieved through a strategy known as ‘Scanning’ for details. This is actually a technique often used in daily life when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. Also when you read a newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text for important information of interest.

Recognizing the Purpose Recognizing the purpose of a text involves firstly asking yourself a few important questions such as “What am I reading?” to determine text type (eg: newspaper article, website, advertisement), “Why did the author write the text?”, to establish author’s objectives, and “Why am I reading this text?”, to determine your own reading objectives and what you can extract from the passage.

Understanding Reference Understanding reference in a text is an important reading skill which involves focusing on specific meaning of ‘pronoun references’ used throughout a passage (eg: this, those, their, it). This is an important skill to help develop full comprehension of significant details of a section of a passage which refer back to previous statements made.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves the skill of identifying a restatement of a section in a passage that retains the basic meaning while changing the words, often explained in a more simplified form. A paraphrase often clarifies a more ambiguous original statement in the text by putting it into alternative words that are often more easily understood.

Understanding the Main Idea Once we've determined the text type of a passage, and what it's generally about, we usually then read on to understand the main idea of the passage. In other words: What is the writer basically telling us? Or, What is the writer's main message? Understanding the main idea of a text means being able to identify the most important point or information in the passage.

Defining Vocabulary Often a reading passage contains definitions or explanations of new words related to the topic. The definitions in the text may be given through different clues to help you identify how the author has explained its meaning. It is important to understand synonyms or parallel expressions are often used to define target vocabulary items.

Making Inferences When we read a text, the author does not tell us everything. Therefore, we must be able to guess some things and make clear assumptions from the information, facts, opinions and author’s feelings presented in the passage. Such a process of guessing and critical thinking is called ‘Making inferences’