3. 1.during an annual hunt 2.they made a whistling sound 3.Parts of Russia, Chine Mongolia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran, and Tibet 4.It connected cultures and promoted trade VV

4. Lesson 9A

5. Vocabulary Lesson 9A

6. numerous (adj.) present in large numbers

7. infuriating (adj.) maddening, making someone extremely angry

8. disciplined (adj.) able to work and behave in a controlled way, obeying rules

9. elegant (adj.) pleasing or graceful in appearance or style

10. quotation (n.) a sentence or phrase that is repeated by someone else

11. seize (v.) to take control of something quickly and suddenly with force

12. reputation (n.) the opinion people have about someone or something

13. utterly (adv.) completely, extremely

14. extent (n.) the length, area, or size of something

15. fierce (adj.) very aggressive or angry

16. lines 23-27

17. lines 84-87 lines 111-112 lines 114-122

18. c d a b

19. numerous extent fierce elegant

20. seize infuriated quotation reputation

21. numerous infuriated elegant extent fierce quotation seize

24. 1.A strong ruler, Catherine introduced many reforms 2.Peter the Great, Tsar Nicolas, Ivan the Terrible 3.Sweden, Poland, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Russia persist ;but not Prussia, the Habsburg, and Ottoman empires V

25. Lesson 9B

26. Vocabulary Lesson 9B

27. controversial (adj.) subject to intense public disagreement

28. charm (n.) the quality of being pleasant and attractive

29. moderation (n.) an action that is reasonable and not extreme

30. reform (v.) to change or improve a law, social system, or institution

31. institution (n.) a large, important organization such as a university or bank

32. industrious (adj.) hard-working, energetic

33. distort (v.) to give an inaccurate or exaggerated report of something

34. personality (n.) one’s whole character and nature

35. ambition (n.) the desire to be successful, rich, or powerful

36. charm (n.) the quality of being pleasant and attractive

37. insult (v.) to do something that is rude or offensive

38. lines 34-37

39. lines 50-57 lines 91-93 lines 95-97

41. distorted controversial insulting

42. ambition industrious reforms personality moderation

43. controversy personality insult charming institution ambition moderation distort

45. Answers will vary but include the face that Cleopatra was a powerful and influential woman

46. ambition charmed fiercely reputation

47. extent insult utterly numerous seized

48. For More Information http://www.nationalgeographic.com/genghis/ index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_ll_of_ Russia

49. Key Words for Internet Research Catherine the Great of Russia CleopatraGenghis Khan Genghis Khan’s grave lvan the Terrible Karakorum Khan genealogy Mongol historyRoman Emperor Constantine

50. Reading Skills

51. Making Inferences When we read a text, the author does not tell us everything. Therefore, we must be able to guess some things and make clear assumptions from the information, facts, opinions and author’s feelings presented in the passage. Such a process of guessing and critical thinking is called Making inferences.

52. Understanding Main ideas (Skimming) Once we've determined the text type of a passage, and what it's generally about, we usually then read on to understand the main idea of the passage. In other words: What is the writer basically telling us? Or, What is the writer's main message? Understanding the main idea of a text means being able to identify the most important point or information in the passage.

53. Identifying Detail Identifying details in a text to answer specific questions (eg: who, what, when, where, why) is often achieved through a strategy known as ‘Scanning’ for details. This is actually a technique often used in daily life when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. Also when you read a newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text for important information of interest.

54. Reading for Gist Reading for gist is reading to get a general sense of what a reading passage is basically about. In other words, we read to understand the main topic, or theme of the passage. For example, a reading passage might basically be about a new type of technology, or a tourist's vacation trip, or a story about a fictional character.