DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN BY: ENGR. M.ZAKIR SHAIKH

Digital and Analog Quantities Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories, digital and analog. An ANALOG quantity is one having continuous values. For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous range of values other examples are time, pressure, distance, and sound. A DIGITAL quantity is one having a discrete set of values. For example, Digital Clock, Traffic Light system etc.

Difference between Analog & Digital Quantities The major difference between analog and digital quantities, then, can be simply stated as follows: Analog = continuous Digital = discrete (step by step)

Advantages of Digital Techniques & Systems An increasing majority of applications in electronics, as well as in most other technologies, use digital techniques to perform operations that were once performed using analog methods. The reasons for the shift to digital technology are Higher accuracy programmability Noise immunity Easier storage of data and Ease of fabrication in integrated circuit form

Binary Digits Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system. Two digits in BINARY system, 1 and 0, called BIT (Binary digit).

Logics Two types of Logic are used Positive Logic: HIGH=1, LOW=0 Negative Logic: LOW=1, HIGH=0

Logic Levels The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels. Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage level represents a LOW. In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any voltage between a specified minimum value and a specified maximum value. Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified maximum value. There can be no overlap between the accepted range of HIGH levels and the accepted range of LOW levels.

Figure : Logic level ranges of voltage for a digital circuit. Logic Levels Figure : Logic level ranges of voltage for a digital circuit.

Digital Waveforms Digital waveforms consists of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between the LOW and HIGH levels or states. A positive going pulse (Positive Logic) is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. A Negative going pulse (Negative Logic) is one that goes from a normally HIGH logic level to a LOW Logic level and then back again.

Figure: Ideal pulses The pulses in above Figure are ideal because the rising and falling edges are assumed to change in zero time (instantaneously). Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.

Rise Time & Fall Time The time required for a pulse to go from its LOW level to its HIGH level is called the rise time (tT). The time required for the transition from the HIGH level to the LOW level is called the fall time (tf).

Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is a graph, used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms. Following Figure is an example of a timing diagram made up of four waveforms.

Integrated Circuits (ICs) Integrated circuit (IC) is an electronic circuit that is constructed entirely on a single small chip of silicon. All the components that make up the circuit: transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors are an integral part of that single chip.

IC Packages IC packages are classified as either Through-hole mounted or Surface mounted. The most common type of through-hole package is the dual in-line package (DIP) shown in following figure (a). The type of IC package uses surface-mount technology (SMT) surface- mounted package is the small outline integrated circuit (SOIC)as shown in the following figure (b).

Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs) Digital ICs are Classified into two types Fixed-Function ICs Programmable ICs

Fixed-Function ICs In fixed-function logic, the logic functions are set by the manufacturer and cannot be altered. Example are Logical Gate ICs Counter ICs Multiplexers/De-multiplexers

Programmable Logic ICs In Programmable Logic ICs, the logic functions are set by the manufacturer and can be Changed through programming. Example are FPGAs CPLDs ASICs SPLDs

Pin Numbering All IC packages have a standard format for numbering the pins (leads). The dual in-line packages (DIPs) and the small-outline IC packages (SOICs) have the numbering arrangement illustrated in Figure for a 16-pin package. Looking at the top of the package, pin1 is indicated by an identifier that can be either a small dot, a notch.

Software For the Simulation of Digital Circuits the different Software are used some are Digital work Electronics WorkBench MultiSim Electronics WorkBench

Module Educational Module E18/EV (Trainer) E18/EV Module/Trainer consists in a printed Circuits on which Digital Logic Circuits (TTL & CMOS) are Mounted performing the Different functions.

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