1. Introductory Digital Concepts
Chapter 1
Introductory Digital Concepts

2. Chapter Outline Digital and Analog Quantities
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
Introduction to Basic Logic Operations
Basic Overview of Logic Functions
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Introduction to Test Instruments

3. Figure 1--1 Graph of an analog quantity (temperature versus time).

4. Figure Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog quantity in Figure 1-1. Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by representing it as a digital code that consists of a series of 1s and 0s.

5. Digital Advantages
Digital Data can be processed/transmitted more efficiently and reliably.
Storage: can be stored more compactly and reproduced w/ greater accuracy and clarity.

6. Figure 1--3 A basic audio public address system.
Analog Electronic System
Figure A basic audio public address system.

7. Figure 1--4 Basic principle of a CD player. Only one channel is shown.
System Using Digital and Analog Methods
Figure Basic principle of a CD player. Only one channel is shown.

8. Binary Digits
Two digits in BINARY system, 1 and 0, called BIT (Binary digit)
Positive Logic: HIGH=1, LOW=0
Negative Logic: LOW=1, HIGH=0
Code : Groups of bits to represent numbers, letters, symbols, instructions, etc.

9. Figure 1--5 Logic level ranges of voltage for a digital circuit.
Logic Levels
Voltages used to represent 1 and 0.
Figure Logic level ranges of voltage for a digital circuit.

10. Figure 1--7 Nonideal pulse characteristics.
Digital Waveforms
Figure Ideal pulses.
Figure Nonideal pulse characteristics.

11. Frequency and Period Frequency (f) # cycles per sec or Hertz (Hz)
Period (T) in seconds.
f=1/T, T = 1/f

12. Figure 1--8 Examples of digital waveforms.
Periodic and Nonperiodic
Figure Examples of digital waveforms.

13. Pulse Width and Duty Cycle
Figure 1--9
Duty Cycle = (tw/T)100 %

14. Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
Figure Example of a clock waveform synchronized with a waveform representation of a sequence of bits.

15. Figure 1--11 Example of a timing diagram.

16. Data Transfer
Figure Illustration of serial and parallel transfer of binary data. Only the data lines are shown.

17. Figure 1--15 The basic logic operations and symbols.

18. Figure 1--16 The NOT operation.

19. Figure 1--17 The AND operation.

20. Figure 1--18 The OR operation.

21. Basic Logic Functions Comparison Function Arithmetic Functions
Code conversion function
Encoding function
Decoding function
Data selection function
Data storage function
Counting function

22. Figure 1--19 The comparison function.

23. Figure 1--20 The addition function.
Arithmetic Function
Figure The addition function.

24. Code Conversion Function: Encoder
Figure An encoder used to encode a calculator keystroke into a binary code for storage or for calculation.

25. Code Conversion Function: Decoder
Figure A decoder used to convert a special binary code into a 7-segment decimal readout.

26. Data Selection Function
Figure Illustration of a basic multiplexing/demultiplexing application.

27. Data Storage Function
Figure Example of the operation of a 4-bit serial shift register. Each block represents one storage “cell” or flip-flop.

28. Data Storage Function
Figure Example of the operation of a 4-bit parallel shift register.

29. Figure 1--26 Illustration of basic counter operation.
Counting Function
Figure Illustration of basic counter operation.

30. Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
Figure Cutaway view of one type of fixed-function IC package showing the chip mounted inside, with connection to input an output pins.

31. IC Packages
Figure Examples of through-hole and surface-mounted devices. The DIP is larger than the SOIC with the same number of leads. This particular DIP is approximately in. long, and the SOIC is approximately in. long.

32. Figure 1--29 Examples of SMT package configurations.

33. Pin Numbering
Figure Pin numbering for two standard types of IC packages. Top views are shown.

34. Integrated Circuit Technologies
TTL
ECL
CMOS
NMOS
SSI and MSI use TTL or CMOS
VLSI and ULSI use CMOS or NMOS

35. Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)
Programmable logic devices can replace fixed-function logic - the major advantage is that the logic function of the PLD can be changed without rewiring.
SPLD (Simple Programmable Logic Devices)
CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Devices)

36. Types of SPLD PAL (Programmable Array Logic) GAL (Generic Array Logic)
PLA (Programmable Logic Array)
PROM (Programmable Read-only Memory)

37. Figure 1--32 Typical CPLD packages.
Types of CPLD
CPLDs are made using 2 to 64 SPLDs
Figure Typical CPLD packages.

38. PLD programming
Schematic Entry
Text-Based Entry

39. Test Equipment Analog Oscilloscope Digital Oscilloscope Logic Analyzer
Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe
DC Power Supply
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter

40. Oscilloscope

41. Figure 1--34 A typical dual-channel digital oscilloscope
Figure A typical dual-channel digital oscilloscope. Numbers below screen are arbitrary and are shown for illustration only.

42. Figure 1--36 A typical dual-channel analog oscilloscope.

43. Figure 1--37 Typical logic analyzers

44. Logic Probe
Figure Illustration of how a logic probe is used to detect various voltage conditions at a given point in a circuit.

45. Figure 1--40 Typical test instruments

46. Digital System Application
Figure Simplified basic block diagram for a tablet-counting and bottling control system.