United States History I Mr. Carollo

 Purpose  Structure  Each state – 1 vote; no executive  Powers  Maintains sovereignty of states  Conduct foreign relations  declare war & raise an army (No standing national army)  Establishment of national Postal Service

Review of Articles of Confederation  Powers  9 out of 13 states needed to agree to pass important laws  Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a Unanimous vote  No national court system

 Land Ordinance of Established a plan for surveying land and creating parcels to be made for purchase. ($1 per acre)  Northwest Ordinance of 1787  Set requirements for admission of new states  Territory required to have 5,000 voting residents in order to write a constitution and elect a government  When total population reached 60,000 the settlers could write a state constitution and apply for statehood.  States give up NW land claims  Clears way to add five new states to union  Prohibits slavery in NW territories

 Inability to make treaties. This was done by the individual states  Inability to enact of collect taxes  Could make laws, but had little means to enforce them  Could not protect trade and industry

Issues  Shays’ Rebellion (1786)  Small rebellion by a Group of Massachusetts Farmers (1000) led by Daniel Shay (revolutionary war vet)  concerned with tax increases and lack of paper money (unable to pay loans) resulting in the loss of their farms to creditors and imprisonment for major debts  Armed resistance / put down by militia. Federal government asks surrounding states for assistance in defending Massachusetts from this rebellion. No states volunteer their militias

 Lobbied for by Alexander Hamilton  Called to discuss revisions to strengthen Articles of Confederation to avoid foreign intervention; fix trade issues among the states  12 Delegates from 5 states  Result: Philadelphia Convention

 Original Intention for most – revise A of C  Washington – elected convention president  James Madison – notes from Federal Conv.  55 Delegates from 12 states (none from RI)  Big names missing: J. Adams, S. Adams, P. Henry, J. Hancock  Ideas from State Constitutions  Republic v. Democracy

 Key Issues?

 Presented by Gov. Edmund Randolph  Based on Madison’s thoughts, etc.  Powerful bicameral legislature  Houses determined proportionately  Lower house elected by people; upper house elected by lower  Executive to serve (chosen by) legislature  Judiciary  Some veto power

 William Paterson  Current Congress to remain (Equal Representation)  Add power to levy taxes  Executive to be elected by Congress (could be a multi-member branch)  Judiciary to serve for life

 Roger Sherman – June 11  Two house national legislature  Lower house proportionate; handled revenue bills  Upper house – two seats per state  11 Days of debate  Adopted 7 to 6  Paved way for 3/5 compromise

Strong Central Government v. Strong States Authority derives from people Central government should be stronger than states Authority derives from states States should remain stronger than central government Large states v. Small States Congress should be composed of two houses (bi-cameral) Delegates assigned by population Single house in Congress Each state should have one vote North v. South Slaves should not be counted for determining representation Slaves should be counted when levying taxes Slaves should be counted for representation Slaves should not be counted when levying taxes

 Answer the questions below  1.) What are the elements of a fair government?  2.)What are the elements of an effective government?  3.) How might the proposed constitution (the one you read) be viewed in a negative light?  4.) What is missing from the Constitution?

 Federalists  Supportive of strong central government  Well educated; “urban” residents  Federalist Papers  Hamilton, Madison, Jay, Duer  Anti-Federalists  Against strong central government  Generally farmers; less educated; outlying areas  Letters from a Federal Farmer  Richard Henry Lee

 In your groups, analyze the issue you have been assigned. Predict both the Federalist and Anti- Federalist arguments on this issue  Effectiveness of Articles of Confederation  Representation  Powers of Executive  Taxation  Powers of State v. Central Government  Individual Rights  Ability to enforce laws and change government  Need for de facto Aristocracy to run government

 Federalism  Democratic / Liberal Activists  Conservative politicians for particular issues  Neo-Anti-Federalism  Tea Party movement  Libertarians

 What is the Constitution’s effectiveness in addressing the 40 problems you suggested in your post-War analysis?  How did the Constitution and Country survive the fierce debates in the convention and during ratification?