COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LECTURE # 2 BY MUHAMMAD JAFER 1

CONCEPTS Numbering & Coding System Decimal to Binary Conversion Binary to Decimal Conversion Binary to Hex Conversion Hex to Binary Conversion 2’s Compliment Additions Subtractions 2

DIGITAL PRIMERS AND Gate OR Gate Inverter XOR NAND NOR Decoder Flip-Flop 3

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY Bit Byte Nibble Word X86 X64 4

PROCESSOR MEMORY DESIGN Why need memory in processor Stack Design Processor Accumulator Design Processor Register-Memory Design Processor Register-Register Design Processor 5

INSIDE CPU ALU Program Counter IP (IBM) Instruction Pointer Instruction Decoder 6

INTERNAL WORKING OF COMPUTERS ALU Program Counter IP (IBM) Instruction Pointer Instruction Decoder 7

ASSIGNMENT # 1 History of computers with respect to Computer Architecture & Organization References Chapter 2 of Computer Organization & Design by William Stallings Chapter 1 of Fundamental of Computer Organization & Architecture by Mustafa ABD-EL-BARR & HESHAM EL- RIWINI Relevant Internet references. Do not copy their statements. Write your own. 8

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT Factors Speed of Processor (Not only) Instruction Set Choice of Programming Language Efficiency of Compiler Coding skill of programmer 9

CHAPTER REVIEW Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture by Mostafa Abd-Al-Barr & Hesham AlRewini Chapter # 1 Historical Background Architectural Development Style Technological Development Performance Measures 10