1. Computer Organization Exam Review CS345 David Monismith

2. Outline History Basic Components of a Computer Parts of the CPU Performance Instruction Set Architectures Compilation Writing Assembly Code Data Types and Their Sizes Conversion from Assembly to Machine Code

3. History Know the accomplishments of Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace Understand Moore’s Law Know John von Neumann’s accomplishments – Especially the von Neumann architecture – Know the stored program concept of both data and program being stored in memory – Both instructions and variables are data

4. Basic Components of a Computer CPU Bus or interconnect Main memory (RAM) Secondary Memory I/O (input and output)

5. Parts of the CPU ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Program Counter Register File Floating Point Unit Cache

6. Performance Understand various performance measures – Latency – Bandwidth – Resource cost – Speed of execution – Energy consumption Runtime Frequency Cycles Per Instruction Amdahl’s Law Speedup Benchmarking – Timed vs. Synthetic (Whetstone/Dhrystone) vs. Analytical (CP&I)

7. Instruction Set Architectures Understand that different CPUs may make use of different instruction sets. Understand that chips with the same ISA should be able to read and run the same executable program. Understand the difference between RISC and CISC architectures. Understand assembly instructions and the difference between opcodes and operands.

8. Compilation High level language to assembly Assembly to machine language Linking Loading

9. Assembly Code Given the green sheet and a list of syscalls, know how to write a basic assembly program. Understand the.text and.data sections. Know how to use arrays and variables. Know how to use temporary and saved registers. Be able to write if-else statements and do-while loops. Be able to perform integer and floating point arithmetic, comparisons, logic operations, and branching.

10. Data Types and Their Size There are 8 bits in a byte and an ASCII character. There are 32 bits in a word (an int and an instruction) There are 32 bits in a single precision floating point variable. There are 64 bits in a double precision floating point variable. How many bytes are in an int? (4) a word? (4) A float? (4) A double? (8)

11. Numeric Base Conversions Understand base 2, 10, and 16 numbers Binary to Decimal and back Binary to Hexadecimal and back Decimal to binary to hex

12. Conversion from Assembly to Machine Code Know R and I type instructions in assembly. Know how to convert these instructions to binary machine code. Know how to convert the binary machine code to a hex instruction.