Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment Chapter 14

Key Concepts  Major geologic processes  Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle  Earthquakes and volcanoes  Finding and extracting mineral resources  Non-renewable mineral resources

Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Fig. 4-7 p. 60

Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle Fig p. 333

Plate Tectonics  Divergent boundary  Convergent boundary  Subduction zone  Transform fault Refer to Fig p. 334 Fig p. 336

Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 16-4, p. 335

External Earth Processes  Erosion  Mechanical weathering  Frost wedging  Chemical weathering  Biological weathering

Natural Hazards: Earthquakes  Features  Magnitude  Aftershocks  Primary effects  Secondary effects Fig p. 337

Expected Earthquake Damage Fig p. 337 Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage

Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions Fig p. 338 extinct volcanoes extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent magma conduit Solid lithosphere Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere

Minerals and Rocks  Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types  Igneous (granite, basalt)  Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)  Metamorphic (marble, slate)

Fig p. 339 Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Rock Cycle

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Ores

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories  Identified  Undiscovered  Reserves  Other Fig p. 340

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite and air imagery  Magnetometers  Gravity differences  Radiation detectors  Seismic surveys  Chemical analyses

Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig and  Open-pit (surface mining)  Area strip (surface mining)  Contour strip (surface mining)  Dredging (surface mining)  Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)  Longwall (subsurface mining)

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act  Established 1977  Mine lands must be restored to pre- mining conditions  Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites  Limited success

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig p. 344

More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining  Overburden  Spoil  Open-pit  Dredging  Strip mining  Room and pillar  Longwall Refer to Figs and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting Refer to Fig p. 344

Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig p. 346  New technologies