1. Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 15 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 15 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources  Mineral resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Magma  Hydrothermal  Weathering Fig. 15-2 p. 339

3. Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite imagery  Aerial sensors (magnetometers)  Gravity differences  Core sampling  Seismic surveys  Chemical analysis of water and plants

4. Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining  Overburden  Spoil  Open-pit  Dredging  Strip mining  Room and pillar  Longwall Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342

5. Environmental Effects of Extracting Mineral Resources Fig. 15-6 p. 343

6. Environmental Effects of Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting Fig. 15-7 p. 344 See Case Study p. 345

7. Environmental Effects of Using Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

8. Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Reserve-to-production ratio  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig. 15-9 p. 346

9. Evaluating Energy Resources  Renewable energy  Non-renewable energy  Future availability  Net energy yield  Cost  Environmental effects Fig. 15-12 p. 351

10. Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources Fig. 15-10 p. 350

11. North American Energy Resources Fig. 15-20 p. 356

12. Oil  Petroleum (crude oil)  Primary recovery  Secondary recovery  Tertiary recovery  Petrochemicals  Refining  Transporting Fig. 15-18 p. 355

13. Oil Shale and Tar Sands  Oil shale  Keragen  Tar sand  Bitumen Fig. 15-28 p. 361

14. Natural Gas  50-90% methane  Conventional gas  Unconventional gas  Methane hydrate  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Liquefied natural gas (LNG)  Approximate 200 year supply Fig. 15-29 p. 362

15. Coal  Stages of coal formation  Primarily strip-mined  Used mostly for generating electricity  Enough coal for about 1000 years  Highest environmental impact  Coal gasification and liquefaction

16. Fig. 15-30 p. 363 Coal

17. Burning Coal More Cleanly  Fluidized-Bed Combustion Fig. 15-32 p. 364

18. Nuclear Energy  Fission reactors  Uranium-235  Potentially dangerous  Radioactive wastes Refer to Introductory Essay p. 338 Fig. 15-35 p. 366

19. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fig. 15-36 p. 367

20. Dealing with Nuclear Waste  Low-level waste  High-level waste  Underground burial  Disposal in space  Burial in ice sheets  Dumping into subduction zones  Burial in ocean mud  Conversion into harmless materials Fig. 15-40 p. 370

21. Nuclear Alternatives  Breeder nuclear fission reactors  Nuclear fusion  New reactor designs Storage Containers Fuel rod Primary canister Overpack container sealed Underground Buried and capped Ground Level Unloaded from train Lowered down shaft Personnal elevator Air shaft Nuclear waste shaft Fig. 15-42 p. 376

22. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 16 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 16 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

23. The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency  Net useful energy Fig. 16-2 p. 381  Life cycle cost Least Efficient  Incandescent lights  Internal combustion engine  Nuclear power plants

24. Efficiencies (fig. 16-4 p. 382)

25. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Insulation  Elimination of air leaks  Air to air heat exchangers  Cogeneration  Efficient electric motors  High-efficiency lighting  Increasing fuel economy

26. Electric and Hybrid Cars  Rechargeable battery systems  Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine  Fuel cells Fig. 16-10 p. 365

27. Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity  Passive solar heating  Active solar heating Fig. 16-17 p. 394

28. Using Solar Energy to Provide High- Temperature Heat and Electricity  Solar thermal systems  Photovoltaic (PV) cells Fig. 16-23 p. 398 Fig. 16-25 p. 400

29. Producing Electricity from Moving Water  Large-scale hydropower  Small-scale hydropower  Pumped-storage hydropower  Tidal power plant  Wave power plant

30. Producing Electricity from Heat Stored in Water  Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)  Saline solar ponds  Freshwater solar ponds

31. Producing Electricity from Wind Fig. 16-28 p. 402 Fig. 16-29 p. 402

32. Producing Energy from Biomass  Biofuels  Biomass plantations  Crop residues  Animal manure  Biogas  Ethanol  Methanol Fig. 16-31 p. 404 Fig. 16-31 p. 404

33. The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution  Extracting hydrogen efficiently  Storing hydrogen  Fuel cells Fig. 16-33 p. 386

34. Geothermal Energy  Geothermal reservoirs  Dry steam  Wet steam  Hot water  Molten rock  Hot dry-rock zones Fig. 16-36 p. 409

35. Geothermal Reservoirs Fig. 16-37 p. 410

36. Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower  Centralized power systems  Decentralized power systems  Micropower systems Fig. 16-39 p. 411 Fig. 16-40 p. 411

37. Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy Fig. 16-44 p. 414