Priyanka Tripuraneni Ngan Cao 03/02/09

 An angiosperm is a flowering plant.  It has three basic organs, the roots, stems, and leaves.  Angiosperms are either monocots or dicots.  They have three types of tissue: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.  They are composed of three different types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.  All angiosperms carry out photosynthesis, which normally takes place in the leaves.  Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissue that transport food, minerals, and water to different parts of the plant.  Algae, Mosses, Ferns, and Gymnosperms are not Angiosperms.

MonocotsDicots Embryo with single cotyledonEmbryo with two cotyledons Flower parts in multiples of threeFlower parts in multiples of five Fibrous root systemTaproot system Major leaf veins are parallelMajor leaf veins are net-veined Scattered vascular bundlesRinged vascular bundles

The roots use nutrients and sugar imported from processes taking place in the shoot system. The shoots use water and minerals absorbed from the roots. Therefore, the root and shoot systems cannot live without the other. The shoot system consists of stems and leaves and it functions to serve as a site for plant growth and perform photosynthesis. Roots anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, and store food for the plant.

TaprootsFibrous Roots Made of a mat of thin roots that expand below the soil Made of one taproot that branches into smaller roots below the soil Extends exposure to minerals and water Stores food in great quantities Provides very strong anchorageProvides easier access to sources of water Used primarily by monocotsUsed primarily by dicots

StolonsRhizomes Grow on ground surfaceGrow underground Common in strawberry plantsCommon in ginger plants Both stolons and rhizomes help a plant inhabit large areas by asexual reproduction (budding).

Plant cells undergo cell division. Most cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells. The zone of cell division is composed of the apical meristem and primary meristems. The zone of elongation is where the cells grow and elongate. The zone of maturation is where the cells specialize in structure and function.

Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Thin and flexible primary wallsThick primary walls Lack secondary walls Perform metabolic functionsHelp support young parts of the plant shoot Synthesize organic productsProvide support without restraining growth

FibersSclereids Elongate cells with tapered endsForms durable layers Long thick walled cellsRelatively short Considerable strengthSecondary wall Occurs in strands or bundlesCan form tubes Both functions are to strengthen and support components of the plant.

TracheidsVessel Elements Allows water to flow from different cells Forms long tubes Long and thin with tapered endsRelatively wider, shorter, and thinner Spindle shapedAligned end to end

Water Conducting Cells Sieve Tube Members Includes tracheids and vessel elementsChain of cells that form tubes Allow water to flow between different cells Transport sucrose, organic compounds, and mineral ions Allows waters to travel laterallyLack nucleus, ribosomes, and distinct vacuole

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