1. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
35.1
Admit Slip
3. List 3 words you think of when you look at the picture/diagram
2. Write 2 ideas you have based on the picture and your words. If possible, use your words as you write your ideas.
1. Write 1 question you have.

2. Plant Structure Plants have hierarchies of cells, tissues, and organs
Root system-
Shoot system
Plant Organs (leaf, stem, root)
Differentiated cells (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem)

3. Root System Beneath the ground Structural Characteristics
Anchors plant
Absorbs water and minerals
Stores sugars and starches
Structural Characteristics
Fibrous roots: thin root mats below surface
Taproots: one thick vertical root with many lateral roots
Root hairs: increase surface area for absorption. May include a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae (fungus roots)

4. Shoot System Above ground Consists of stems and leaves
Structural characteristics
Terminal bud: top of the stem where growth occurs. Growth toward light (upward) is accomplished by apical dominance (terminal bud prohibits axillary bud growth)
Axillary bud: located in V formed between the leaf and stem (lateral shoot/branch)
Leaves: main site of photosynthesis

5. Modified shoots stolons (strawberries) rhizome (ginger) tuber (potato)
Rampart HS
11/23/2018
Modified shoots
stolons (strawberries)
rhizome (ginger)
2009
tuber (potato)
bulb (onion)
Follett

6. Modified leaves tendrils (peas) spines (cacti) succulent leaves
Rampart HS
11/23/2018
Modified leaves
tendrils (peas)
spines (cacti)
succulent leaves
2009
colored leaves (poinsetta)
Follett

7. Plant Tissue Types Leaves, stems, roots are made up of:
Dermal tissue: single layer of cells that protects against water loss and pathogens (called the cuticle in leaves)
Vascular tissue: transports material between the roots and shoots
Xylem: transports water and minerals
Phloem: transports food from leaves to the rest of the plant
Ground tissue: “everything else” If it is inside the vascular tissue=pith, outside the vascular tissue=cortex

8. Types of Differentiated Plant Cells
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Xylem
Phloem

9. Types of Differentiated Plant Cells
Parenchyma: most abundant, present throughout plant
Perform most of the metabolism including photosynthesis
Collenchyma: help support growing parts of the plant
Strings of celery are vascular tissue with collenchyma surrounding it
Sclerenchyma: exists in parts of cell that are no longer growing, specialize in support

10. Types of Differentiated Plant Cells
Xylem: consist of 2 types of water conducting cells: tracheids and vessels (dead at functional maturity)
Tracheids: long, thin cells with thick secondary cell walls (lignin). Water moves between cells through pits
Vessels: (mostly in angiosperms) pits and perforated end walls for water movement

11. Types of Differentiated Plant Cells
Phloem Cells: conduct sugar and other organic compounds
Two types of cells (both alive at functional maturity):
Sieve tubes: contain chains of cells (sieve-tube elements)-highly specialized to function in transport
Companion cells: provide for molecular needs of sieve-tube elements. Connected to sieve-tube elements by plasmodesmata

12. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
35.2

13. Meristems Flowering plants are classified as:
Annuals: life cycle completed in 1 year
Biennials: life cycle completed in 2 years
Perennials: life cycle continues for many years
Meristems are perpetually embryonic tissues that are responsible for plant growth throughout it’s life

14. Meristems Growth only occurs in meristem tissue through cell division
Apical meristem: located at tips of roots and buds of shoots.
Site of cell division.
Growth in length=primary growth
Lateral Meristems: growth that thickens the shoots and roots
Growth in ‘girth’=secondary growth

15. Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
Root cap: protects meristem of root tip as it moves through soil, also secretes polysaccharide lubricant
Has 3 zones:
Zone off cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

16. 3 zones of root tip
Zone off cell division: includes root apical meristem. Produces new root cells (including cells of root cap)
Zone of elongation: cells elongate…
Zone of maturation: 3 systems in primary growth complete differentiation and mature

17. Shoot Epidermis Ground tissue
Apical meristem is dome of dividing cells at the tip of a terminal bud
Primary growth is accomplished by cell division and cell elongation
Epidermis
Underside of leaf epidermis has stomata (small pores which open and close)
Ground tissue
Sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis
Made of parenchyma cells (photosynthesis)