Bell Ringer #1 Locate the following: Portugal is located on the ____ continent, west of ____. *Use Chapter 13, Section 1!

Exploration and Expansion Chapter 13 Sec 1 Exploration and Expansion

Motives and Means Portugal and Spain First European empires to explore new sea routes Dutch Republic (the Netherlands), France, and England Second group of European empires to explore new worlds

Motives and Means Europe was stationary for 1,000 years Fantasized about the “exotic East” (Asia- spices/silks) 14th c (1300s)- Ottoman Turks restricted Europe’s travels west Controlled the only land route Europeans were forced to find a new route

Motives and Means God, Gold, and Glory God- Convert Natives to Catholicism Cortes- Spanish conquistador Gold- Economic Gains Expand trade to Asia Spices, silks, precious metals Glory- Fame Adventure Secular (worldly) desires

The Portugal Trading Empire 1420- Prince Henry the Navigator Fleets (ships) sailed South down the coast of West Africa Gold Coast 1488- Bartholomeu Dias Sailed around the tip of Africa Cape of Good Hope

The Portuguese Trading Empire 1498- Vasco de Gama Continued Dias route Cut across the Indian Ocean to India Calcutta (India), SPICES 1509- Portugal takes control of the Spice Islands Defeat Ottoman Turkish and Indian fleets Melaka- spice trade port China would not let Portugal colonize Asia Treaty that allowed Portugal to export spices

Bell Ringer #2 Identify the following: Define the following: Christopher Columbus- Define the following: Mercantilism- *Use Chapter 13, Section 1!

Voyages to the Americas Christopher Columbus- Believed he could reach Asia by sailing West (Portugal sailed East, around Africa) Italian Queen Isabella of Spain financed his voyage 1492- landed in the “Indies” Cuba/Caribbean

Voyages to the Americas 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas (TAWR-duh-SEE-yuhs) Spain and Portugal divided world with imaginary line Portugal-East (controlled trade route around Africa to Asia) Spain- West (North and South America)

Voyages to the Americas John Cabot- Explored the New England coast for England Amerigo Vespucci (veh-SPOO-chee)- Named the New World America

Ptolemy: world map, copy from 1482

The Spanish Empire Conquistadors- Spanish “conquerors” of America 15oos- Spain established colonies (settlements/communities) 1533- Spain controlled South America after Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incans 1550- Spain controlled Mexico after Hernando Cortes defeated the Aztecs Natives were used as slave labor on sugar plantations and in gold/silver mines Depleted population due to forced labor, starvation, and disease Example: Mexico’s Population- 1519, 25 million; 1630, 1 million

New Spain (Spanish Empire)

Competition Early 1600s (17th c) Dutch Colony- New Netherland Present day New York French Colonies- Northern N. America and Louisiana Territory Present day Canada and Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana English Colonies- Atlantic Seaboard Present day Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia (1st), Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts (2nd), Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

Economic Impact Gold and Silver Plantations- Large farms that used slave labor Potatoes, Cocoa, Corn, Tobacco, Sugar, Cotton, Vanilla, Livestock Columbian Exchange- extensive exchange (trade) of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds Also brought European diseases to the New World

Economic Impact Colony- Settlement of people living in a new territory Politically (government) and economically (trade) linked with parent country Mercantilism- 17th c. economic principle The prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver Fueled by trade of natural resources found in the New World Balance of Trade- difference in value of exports v. imports Goal- export more than import (sell more than buy) Colonies provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods

Bell Ringer #3 Identify the following: Define the following: Dutch- Define the following: Bureaucracy- *Use Chapter 13, Section 3!

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade Chapter 13 Sec 3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade

Asian Mainland States 1500s-1700s Mainland Asia was stable (no wars, bad economy, etc) China Burma Vietnam Laos Thailand Cambodia Malay Peninsula Taken over by the Ottoman Turks Spice Trade Spread Islam Melaka (trade port)

The Arrival of Europeans 1511- Portugal seized Melaka and Moluccas (Spice Islands) Established trading posts along the coast Early 1600s- Dutch drove Portugal out of the spice trade Used the island of Java as a fort to protect Dutch possessions in Southeast Asia

The Arrival of Europeans Mainland States- part of a continent (distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands) See “Asian Mainland States” Mainland states united and drove out Europeans Maritime (island/peninsula nations) remained under European control

Spice Trade

Religious and Political Systems 1500s-1800s Maritime Nations and the Philippines Increased Islam (Ottoman-Turks) and Christianity (Europeans) converts (changing from one religion to another) Mainland Nations Buddhism was combined with traditional beliefs

Religious and Political Systems Buddhist style of kingship King was considered superior to other human beings Link between human society and universe Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia Javanese style of kingship King was sacred Maintained the balance between the sacred and material world Java Island Islamic Sultans Mortal, defender of the faith, aristocratic (wealthy/upper class) Bureaucracy- body of non-elective government officials Malay Peninsula, Indonesia Chinese style of kingship Emperor ruled according to the teachings of Confucius Mortal, appointed by Heaven, talented and virtuous, link between Heaven and Earth China, Vietnam

Bell Ringer #4 Define the following: *Use Chapter 13, Section 2! Plantation- Triangular Trade- *Use Chapter 13, Section 2!

Africa in an Age of Transition Chapter 13 Sec 2 Africa in an Age of Transition

The Slave Trade Southwest Asia Europe Americas African slaves Domestic servants Europe Americas Increased demand Plantation- large agricultural estates Sugar Cane- difficult to grow/harvest; required more slaves 1st - Brazil & Caribbean Islands

Growth of the Slave Trade 1518- 1st ship of slaves brought to the Americas Triangular Trade- New global economy Africa to the Americas- Slaves Americas to Europe- Raw Materials (tobacco, molasses, sugar, cotton, etc) Europe to Africa- Manufactured Goods (guns, cloth, rum) Early 16th to late 19th c. 10 million slaves Middle Passage- Africa to America Many slaves died

Effects of the Slave Trade 1st African slaves were prisoners of war Europeans traded with Slave Traders Africans who kidnapped other Africans Coastal regions and inland Impact on African Societies Depopulation Youngest/Strongest men and women Increase in war Lost faith in gods Deterioration of art Increase in human sacrifice

Bell Ringer #5 Name the 5 European nations that colonized the New World (in order)! *Use Chapter 13

Colonization in North America Not in Textbook Colonization in North America

Spanish New Spain – Central America Built a new empire Spanish churches and homes

Spanish Date Explorer Area Reason 1492 Christopher Columbus Western sea route to Asia (Indies) Trade 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon Explored Florida Keep out the French Fountain of Youth 1519 Hernando Cortes Central America Gold God (Religion)

Columbus’ Route Cortes’ Route

Portuguese Brazil 1500 Portugal's side of the Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the world in half (western- Spain, eastern- Portugal) Used for trade and plantations

French New France – North America Goals Trade (fur) Catholicism (convert Natives) No towns or families Good relations with Native Americans  Military alliances

French Year Explorer Area Reason 1534 Jacques Cartier St. Lawrence River (Canada/US border) Trade 1608 Samuel de Champlain Quebec, Canada Permanent settlement 1682 Robert Cavelier Mississippi Valley (Louisiana Territory) Trade with Spanish

Robert Cavelier

English 3 Colonial Regions New England Middle (Mid Atlantic) Southern Focused on Puritan religion Manufacturing/Trade Middle (Mid Atlantic) Religious diversity Some farming and trade Southern Concerned only with economy Plantation system, cash crops, slavery

English Date Name Region Significance 1607 John Smith Southern Ship Captain Helped found Jamestown, Va 1612 John Rolfe Brought tobacco to English Colonies- primary cash crop 1630 John Winthrop New England Founded Massachusetts for Puritans 1681 William Penn Middle (Mid Atlantic) Founded Pennsylvania for Quakers

Turn in homework pg. 424-425 #1-24 Turn in Exploration Bell Ringers

Be ready to receive graded papers Get out your notebook/textbook/handouts/etc for test corrections