Trace elements? 25 elements essential for life

Symptom of an iodine deficiency Iron deficiency?

Locations and charges of protons? Neutrons? Electrons?

Atomic number Atomic mass

Atomic Mass vs. Atomic Number?????

What is an isotope?

Cancerous throat tissue Isotopes use to diagnose disease Administer a molecule similar to glucose that has a radioactive tag PET scan picks up the released radiation and detects areas of high metabolism

Urea Breath Test Tests for stomach bacteria: Helicobacter pylori Give urea with some of the carbon being 14 C. If there is Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, then this bacteria will break down the urea and produce C0 2. The CO 2 will be exhaled by the patient and collected in a balloon. If some of the carbon in the exhaled CO 2 contains is 14 C then there must be some bacteria present in the stomach. The more 14 C exhaled, the more Helicobacter pylori present. The breath test can be repeated to determine the success of the treatment.

Radioactive iodine Used treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, Small doses used to test thyroid function.

shows the concentration of radioactive tracer bound to monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). Red shows the highest concentration. MAO B is important because it breaks down the chemicals that allow nerve cells to communicate and regulate blood pressure.

What causes an atom to react with other atom? Or… would cause it to be nonreactive (stable)?

Ionic Bond

(–) O HH (+)

Hydrogen bond

Strong attraction for electrons

A few water molecules can break apart into ions –hydrogen ions (H + ) –hydroxide ions (OH – ) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. pH

Acids vs. bases Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. pH

A pH scale (pH = potential of hydrogen) is used to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic –pH ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) –A solution that is neither acidic or basic is neutral (pH = 7) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acidic solution pH scale Battery acid Lemon juice, gastric juice Grapefruit juice, soft drink, vinegar, beer Tomato juice Rain water Human urine Saliva Pure water 6 7 Human blood, tears Seawater Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner Neutral solution Basic solution NEUTRAL [H + ]=OH – ] Increasingly ACIDIC (Higher concentration of H + ) 14 Increasingly BASIC (Lower concentration of H + ) Logarithmic scale Change in one unit on pH scale = 10 x change in hydrogen ion concentration

Solution A has a pH = 4 Solution B has a pH = 2 How much more acidic is Solution B? Solution C has a pH = 9 Solution D has a pH = 12 How much more H+ ions does solution C have compared to solution D?

Why is pH important? Different areas of the body have different pH values –Ex: stomach blood If the pH varies from this value, proteins lose their shape and don’t work

Molecules that can accept or release H+  resist change in pH Are usually weak acid/base pairs

Cohesion of water  water sticking to itself Does this because of hydrogen bonding Results in water having surface tension –“film” on top of water

Temperature moderation Water resists changes in temperature

Feb: 15.7° F July: 70.4 ° F Feb: 44.3° F July: 65.3 ° F Water can absorb and release a lot of thermal energy with a small change in temperature -ex: moderate temperatures at coasts

Absorbs a lot of energy when heating up Releases energy when cooling down ex: evaporative cooling

Adhesion  water sticking to something else (polar or charged) Meniscus

Transpiration Uses cohesion and adhesion to move water from the roots to top of a tree

Adhesion of water To cells of xylem Cohesion of water to itself

Density Water is densest at 4° C Ice is less dense than liquid water Provides insulation and allows wildlife to survive under a layer of ice Ice floats

Water is an almost universal solvent Ionic compounds (like salt) will dissolve in water Polar molecules will dissolve in water (sugar) In a solution the SOLVENT is the substance in a greater amount The SOLUTE is the substance present in a lesser amount

Glucose

Molecules that can accept or release H+  resist change in pH Are usually weak acid/base pairs