1. Fig. 3-1

2. Fig. 3-2 Hydrogen bond  – – H  + + H O — —  + +  + +  + +  – –  – –  – –

3. Fig. 3-3 Water-conducting cells Adhesion Cohesion 150 µm Direction of water movement

4. Fig. 3-4

5. Fig. 3-6 Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

6. Fig. 3-6a Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

7. Fig. 3-7 Cl – Na Cl – + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – Na + – – – +

8. Fig. 3-9 Neutral solution Acidic solution Basic solution OH – H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Neutral [H + ] = [OH – ] Increasingly Acidic [H + ] > [OH – ] Increasingly Basic [H + ] < [OH – ] pH Scale 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Battery acid Gastric juice, lemon juice Vinegar, beer, wine, cola Tomato juice Black coffee Rainwater Urine Saliva Pure water Human blood, tears Seawater 9 10 Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner 11 12 13 14

9. Fig. 3-10 More acidic 0 Acid rain Acid rain Normal rain More basic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14