Chapter 8 Section 1

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Industrial Revolution- a major change in the way goods are produced, from hand production in home workshops to machine production in factories.Industrial Revolution- a major change in the way goods are produced, from hand production in home workshops to machine production in factories. It has affected all areas of human life, including transportation, communication, and business.It has affected all areas of human life, including transportation, communication, and business.

Adam Smith Scottish philosopher/economist who came up with the notion of a laissez faire economics.Scottish philosopher/economist who came up with the notion of a laissez faire economics. The surest road to economic progress was to allow businesses to compete freely and without legal restriction.The surest road to economic progress was to allow businesses to compete freely and without legal restriction.

Laissez faire The dominate economic view in the 19th century, literally meaning to leave business alone, free from government regulation.The dominate economic view in the 19th century, literally meaning to leave business alone, free from government regulation. The federal government began to crack down on abuses and regulate business only as the century came to a close.The federal government began to crack down on abuses and regulate business only as the century came to a close.

Monopolies A situation in which one producer controls an industry, thereby controlling production and prices.A situation in which one producer controls an industry, thereby controlling production and prices.

Capital- the money available for investment. The Industrial Revolution required large amounts of capital to purchase machines, build factories, and train and pay workers.Capital- the money available for investment. The Industrial Revolution required large amounts of capital to purchase machines, build factories, and train and pay workers. Corporation- a business chartered under state law. Corporations have advantages over other kinds of businesses because they can easily raise large amounts of capital; they also offer their stockholders limited financial liability.Corporation- a business chartered under state law. Corporations have advantages over other kinds of businesses because they can easily raise large amounts of capital; they also offer their stockholders limited financial liability.

First Turnpike Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight Rates

Clipper Ships

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. p Patent- Is a government document giving to the creator of an original object the exclusive right to make and sell that object for profit  41 patents were approved  4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

Eli Whitney Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts. Products could now be put together and repaired easier than if they were completely hand made.

Interchangeable Parts Identical parts that can be substituted in the manufacture or repair of a productIdentical parts that can be substituted in the manufacture or repair of a product Invented by Eli Whitney to make muskets for the U.S. governmentInvented by Eli Whitney to make muskets for the U.S. government

Assembly Lines Each worker adding one part in order to create a finished productEach worker adding one part in order to create a finished product Used first in Lowell’s textile (clothes) factoriesUsed first in Lowell’s textile (clothes) factories Resulted in the construction of factories across the Northern U.S.Resulted in the construction of factories across the Northern U.S.

Inventions Eli Whitney – Cotton ginEli Whitney – Cotton gin Elias Howe – Sewing MachineElias Howe – Sewing Machine Robert Fulton – Steam BoatRobert Fulton – Steam Boat Thomas Edison- Light bulb (electricity)Thomas Edison- Light bulb (electricity) Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone ( )Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone ( ) Francis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater – Assembly lines and factoriesFrancis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater – Assembly lines and factories

Industrial Revolution British inventors began to make textiles with machines. A British textile worker, Samuel Slater, set up a textile factory in Rhode Island in This was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.!

Francis Lowell In 1814, Francis Lowell opened a textile factory in Waltham, MA.

1845 Lowell factory pamphlet * As a result, the U.S. no longer had to buy finished textile products from Europe!

Factory Workers Women were paid half as much as men. Working hours were long, and wages were low. Ex.) hour work days Earnings: men - $5 per week women - $2 per week children - $ 1 per week Cities developed as farmers and immigrants took available factory jobs.

Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

Lowell in 1850

Lowell Mill

Early Textile Loom

New England Textile Centers: 1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for Lowell

Lowell Girls

Lowell Boarding Houses

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newsletter

The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of work each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants: Why now?

Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

Changing Occupation Distributions:

ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?