1. Chapter 14 Review

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

3. Westward Movement ½ of Americans by 1850 were under the age of 30.½ of Americans by 1850 were under the age of 30. Restless and energeticRestless and energetic On the move out west.On the move out west.

4. Frontier Life Reality of frontier life was one of loneliness, madness, depression.Reality of frontier life was one of loneliness, madness, depression. Frontier men were ill-informed, superstitious and individualistic.Frontier men were ill-informed, superstitious and individualistic. Poorly fed and lived in shanties.Poorly fed and lived in shanties.

5. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

6. Reality of life in the West A Soddy home

7. New Immigrants seek the American Dream 60 million people left overcrowded Europe; 35 million entered the U.S.60 million people left overcrowded Europe; 35 million entered the U.S. Settled in new urban cities; New York, New Orleans, Chicago & Cincinnati.Settled in new urban cities; New York, New Orleans, Chicago & Cincinnati. Sought the “land of freedom and opportunity”Sought the “land of freedom and opportunity”

8. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

9. Reality of Life in America Fast growth of cities = miserable living conditions.Fast growth of cities = miserable living conditions. Slums, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, rats and improper garbage disposal.Slums, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, rats and improper garbage disposal. Boston 1 st sewer system in 1823.Boston 1 st sewer system in 1823.

10. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

11. Antiforeignism 1840s-1850s saw rise to the “Nativists”.1840s-1850s saw rise to the “Nativists”. The group feared that new immigrants would outbread, outvote and take jobs from natives of America.The group feared that new immigrants would outbread, outvote and take jobs from natives of America. Created the Star Spangled Banner order which became the “Know Nothing” partyCreated the Star Spangled Banner order which became the “Know Nothing” party

12. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

13. Growth of the American Economy 1750 England’s Industrial Revolution = modern factory system1750 England’s Industrial Revolution = modern factory system Took a few generations to reach the U.S.Took a few generations to reach the U.S. Easier in U.S. for several reasonsEasier in U.S. for several reasons 1) cheap land 1) cheap land 2) cheap labor with new immigrants 2) cheap labor with new immigrants 3) raw materials 3) raw materials

14. American Inventors Spur the Industrial Era in the U.S. p Americans were willing to try anything. They were first copiers, then innovators.They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved.1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “1860  4,357 “ “ “

15. Manufacturing After the War of 1812 British products flood into the U.S. with extremely low prices.After the War of 1812 British products flood into the U.S. with extremely low prices. American factories can’t competeAmerican factories can’t compete Caused congress to pass the Protective Tariff of 1816.Caused congress to pass the Protective Tariff of 1816.

16. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

17. Principal Canals in 1840

18. Inland Freight Rates

19. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

20. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

21. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

22. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

23. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

24. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

25. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

26. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph “What hath God wrought?”

27. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

28. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

29. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

30. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

31. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

32. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

33. Lowell in 1850

34. Lowell Mill

35. Early Textile Loom

36. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

37. New England Dominance in Textiles

38. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

39. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

40. Lowell Mills Time Table

41. Early “Union” Newsletter

42. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

43. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of work each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

44. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

45. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

46. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860