Disaster Management in Pharmaceuticals Industry: Some First Ideas Disaster Management in Pharmaceuticals Industry: Some First Ideas March 27, 2009 Raghu Babu German Technical Cooperation Indo-German Environment Programme

Pharmaceuticals Industry in India (1) 10,563 pharma units in India; 77.4% formulation, 22.6% mfg. Figures as of 2007 » Manufacturing medical and biological products » Processing botanical drugs and herbs » Isolating active medical principles; » Manufacturing pharmaceutical products intended for internal and external consumption in such forms as tablets, capsules, ointments, powders and solutions

» Industry site: A site owned and operated by a single company. All the activities on the site are conducted directly by this company or are carried out by third parties exclusively for the company. » Chemical park: A site accommodating several chemical companies which are legally separate entities. The infrastructure and a variable range of services are provided by the largest chemical company on the site (the major user) or by one (or more) independent infrastructure companies. » Industrial park: Similar to the chemical park, but is (also or more heavily) used by companies from other sectors. Pharmaceuticals Industry in India (2)

Hazard Categories in Pharmaceuticals Industry » Ecotoxic - damage is caused to the environment. » Carcinogenic - contribute to the causation of cancer. » Persistent - remain dangerous for a long time. » Bio-accumulative – accumulates as it makes its way up the food chain. » Disastrous due to a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area.

Sources of Hazards in Pharmaceuticals Industry (1) » Manufacturing and formulation installations. » Handling and storage of hazardous chemicals including warehouses, godowns, tank forms in ports/fuel depots/docks. » Transportation (road, rail, air, water, pipelines). » Emission of pollutants – the air pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), particulate matter of 10 microns or less (PM 10 ), total suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The most common VOCs include methanol, dichloromethane, toluene, ethylene glycol, N,N- Dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile. » Effluents - effluent releases could go directly to streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water. The releases due to runoff, including storm water runoff, could also be a potential hazard.

Sources of Hazards in Pharmaceuticals Industry (2) » Hazardous wastes – these are in the form of liquids, solids, contained gases or sludges. As a general measure, about 200kg of waste is generated per metric ton of active ingredient manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry. This waste, containing spent solvents and other toxic organics in significant concentrations, requires treatment before it can be disposed off safely. » Toxic releases - these include on-site discharge of a toxic chemical to the environment including emissions to the air, discharges to bodies of water, releases at the facility to land, as well as contained disposal into underground injection wells. » Use of a hazardous technology. » Natural hazard events such as flood, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami.

“Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area. “Disaster Management" means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for: - Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster - Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences - Capacity-building; - Preparedness to deal with any disaster - Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster - Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster - Evacuation, rescue and relief -Rehabilitation and reconstruction Picture Source: National Disaster Management Authority What is Disaster ?

Picture Source: National Disaster Management Authority » Hazards pose risks to the people in the neighbourhood, to the living organisms and to the environment and to the environmental resources. » Risks of hazards depend on the severity and likelihood of the event. Impact of a Chemical Disaster

Source: National Disaster Management Authority Institutional Framework for Disaster Management Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers is part of the institutional framework for disaster management

Some Relevant Acts, Rules (1) » Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 (The Environment Protection Act, 1986)  Identify whether the chemicals handled, used and stored or imported are covered in the Schedule 1 and/or 3 of the Rules, Schedule 2 for isolated storages.  Occupier (industry) to submit a safety audit update report once a year and forwarding a copy within 30 days.  Occupier to prepare up-to-date on-site emergency plan before commencing a new industrial activity involving specified chemicals.  Occupier shall conduct a mock drill of emergency plan every six months and submit a report. » The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991  Owner to provide relief in case of death or injury or damage to property from an accident on the principle of no fault.  Owner to draw insurance policies more than the paid-up capital but less than Rs. 50 Crores.

The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness, And Response) Rules, 1996 [The Environment Protection Act, 1986] » Central Crisis Group shall be tile apex body to deal with major chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling major chemical accidents. Meet once in six months. » State Crisis Group shall be the apex body in the State to deal with major chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling major chemical accidents. Meet once in 3 months. » District Crisis Group shall be the apex body in the district to deal with major chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling chemical accidents. Meet once in 45 days. » Local Crisis Group shall be the body in the industrial pocket to deal with chemical accidents and coordinate efforts in planning, preparedness and mitigation of a chemical accident. Meet every month. Some Relevant Acts, Rules (2)

Functions of Local Crisis Group » Prepare local emergency plan for the industrial pocket, » Ensure dovetailing of the local emergency plan with the district off-site emergency plan. » Train personnel involved in chemical accident management. » Educate the population likely to be affected in a chemical accident about the remedies and existing preparedness in the area. » Conduct at least one full scale mock-drill of a chemical accident at a site every six months forward a report to the District Crisis Group. » Respond to all public inquiries on the subject. » Sub-divisional magistrate » Inspector of Factories » Industries in the industrial area » Transporters of hazardous chemicals » Fire officer » SHO (police) » BDO » Rep of Civil Defence » Primary Health Officer » Editor of local News Paper » Community leader/Sarpanch/Village Pradhan » Rep. of NGO » Two eminent doctors » Two social workers Some Relevant Acts, Rules (3)

Disaster Management Act, 2005 » National Disaster Management Authority - lays down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster. » State Disaster Management Authority - lays down policies and plans for disaster management in the State. » District Disaster Management Authority - acts as the district planning, coordinating and implementing body for disaster management in the district in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority and the State Authority. » “Local Authority" includes panchayati raj institutions, municipalities, a district board, cantonment board, town planning authority or Zila Parishad etc. for rendering essential services or, with the control and management of civic services, within a specified local area. Some Relevant Acts, Rules (4)

Ministries or Departments of GoI to prepare Disaster Management Plans (as per Disaster Management Act) » Specify measures to be taken for prevention and mitigation of disasters in accordance with the National Plan. » Specifications regarding integration of mitigation measures in its development plans in accordance with the guidelines of the National Authority and the National Executive Committee. » Specify its roles and responsibilities in relation to preparedness and capacity-building to deal with any threatening disaster situation or disaster. » Specify roles and responsibilities in regard to promptly and effectively responding to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

Ministries or Departments of GoI to prepare Disaster Management Plans (as per Disaster Management Act) » Specify present status of its preparedness to perform the roles and responsibilities on above. » Specify the measures required to be taken in order to enable it to perform its responsibilities specified above. » Update annually the plan referred above and forward a copy of the plan to the Central Government, which Government shall forward a copy thereof to the National Disaster Management Authority for its approval.

First Ideas for Pharmaceuticals Sector

» On-site plans for hazard/disaster preparedness/management systems needed at the industry level, at the industry park level » Off-site plans required around the industry/industrial park covering the neighbourhood. » SMEs may beneficially integrate their own disaster/hazard management systems with the Industry Park level hazard/disaster management systems for sharing of equipment, facilities, personnel etc. » Very less hazardous Industrial/Chemical Parks may possibly rely partially/ completely on the emergency services of a nearby chemical park.

NDMA CCG SDMA, DDMA SCG, DCG LCG Disaster Management Team/Cell (at Industry Park level – shared emergency services) State/ Regional Response Team National Response Team Disaster Management Team/Cell (at industry level) Industry level – onsite disaster management plans, Neighborhood – Offsite disaster management plans; District level – District disaster management plans, State level - State Disaster Management Plans, National level – National Disaster Management Plans

Advantages of Industrial/Chemical Park Level Disaster Management » Improved emergency response due to far shorter response times and emergency services which know the disaster premises perfectly. » A resulting fall in the cost of fire protection equipment and insurance premiums. » The fact that the public emergency services only has to be called out for major incidents – thereby drawing less public attention to smaller incidents,

Next Steps (1) » Managing hazards due to effluents, emission and hazardous wastes: Could be handled by DoPharma through the environmental management initiatives proposed to be taken up. » Understanding DoPharma roles in hazard/disaster risk management – Consultations with NDMA and the Central Crisis Group(MoEF) to develop an overall strategy including the objectives, results, processes, cooperation networks, steering structures and learning & knowledge management. » Preparation of Disaster Management Plans - Undertake preparation of national/state/regional level Disaster Management Plan for Pharmaceuticals Sector in India (through GTZ TC with national and international experts).

Next Steps (2) » Demonstrate pilot efforts - in a State/region and selected Industrial Parks/Areas including setting up of disaster management teams. » Development of guidelines for Chemical Disaster Management (CDM) in Pharmaceuticals Sector (Chemical Park level, industry level). » Capacity building (training/capacity development needs assessment, plan preparation with strategy for implementation)

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