1. ERT 417 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY W ASTE M INIMIZATION & M ANAGEMENT

2. S UB - TOPICS Waste Minimization Strategy Waste Management Practice: i) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ii) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

3. WASTE MINIMIZATION Reasons of waste minimization: 1. Energy requirement - rises exponentially with increasing waste 2. Reduce total cost - for collection, segregation, intermediate storage, transport, treatment and final storage 3. Profitability - waste = inefficiency - reduce waste = efficiency & profitability

4. C LEAN T ECHNOLOGY Generation of less waste Consumption of fewer raw materials Less energy 1. Cannot be zero waste from any manufacturing process 2. Once created, waste cannot be destroyed - waste can be minimized in terms of both quantity and toxicity.

5. WASTE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 4 major categories: 1. Inventory management 2. Production process modification 3. Volume reduction 4. Recovery

6. i)Inventory management Inventory management is divided into two: inventory control materials control

7. Inventory Control involves techniques to reduce inventory size and hazardous chemical use while increasing inventory turnover. proper inventory control help reduce wastes method that can be used are purchasing in small quantities, purchasing in appropriate container sizes and just-in-time purchasing

8. Materials Control proper control over the storage of raw materials, products and process waste and the transfer of these items within the process and around the facility. Minimize the losses through spills, leaks or contamination Ensure the material is efficiently handled and used in the production process and does not become waste

9. ii)Production process modification 3 techniques for production process modification: a) operation and maintenance procedures b) material change c) equipment modifications

10. a) operation and maintenance procedures - corrective and preventive maintenance can reduce waste generation caused by equipment failure. - can help spot potential sources of release and correct a problem before any material is lost.

11. b) material change - the replacement of materials used in either a product formulation or in a production process, can either result in elimination of a hazardous waste or facilitate recovery of a material. - Example: 1. In pharmaceutical company – replace solvent based tablet coating process with a water based process

12. c) equipment modifications - installation of more efficient equipment or modification of equipment can reduce the generation of waste. - installation of completely new equipment may be involved.

13. iii) Volume reduction a) source segregation b) concentration a) Source segregation - segregation of wastes allows them to be more readily removed or recovered. b) Concentration - concentrate waste through separation processes such as filtration, centrifugation, membrane separations and evaporations

14. iv)Recovery - on-site - off-site On-site Recovery - reduce possible handling losses and allow the management of the waste to remain within the compass of the producer. - Recovered material can be reused as raw material - Example: in printing industry, use vapor recovery system to recover solvents Off-site Recovery - if on-site recovery is not feasible, for economic or other reasons, off-site recovery should be considered. - Waste may be transferred to other company for use as a raw material in the other company’s manufacturing process.

15. L IFE -C YCLE A SSESSMENT Definition: an evaluation of the environmental effects associated with any given activity from the initial gathering of raw material from the earth until the point at which all residuals are returned to the earth.

16. L IFE -C YCLE A SSESSMENT Definition: a systematic inventory and comprehensive assessment of the environmental effects of two or more alternative activities involving defined product in a defined space and time including all steps and co-products in its life cycle.

17. S TAGES IN L IFE C YCLE : Raw material acquisitionBulk material processing Engineered and specialty materials production Manufacturing and assembly Use and serviceRetirementDisposal

19. REFER EXAMPLE OF LCA OF CHOCOLATE PRODUCTIONLCA OF CHOCOLATE PRODUCTION

20. E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT A SSESSMENT (EIA) Is a process that requires consideration of the environmental and public participation in the decision-making process of project development. "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made“-The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. EIS – environmental impact statement – a review document prepared for assessment in EIA process.

21. S TAGES IN EIA Screening to decide which projects should be subject to environmental assessment. Scoping is the process which defines the key issues that should be include in the environmental assessment. EIS preparation the scientific and objective analysis of the scale, significant and importance of impact identified. Review by government agency or an independent review panel advice the decision makers.

22. L EGAL FRAMEWORK Related to legislations Example: In Malaysia, Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978 Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009 Environmental Quality (Refrigerant Management) Regulations 1999 etc. FOR OTHER REGULATIONS, visit www.doe.gov.my

23. Example: treatment of waste (sludge) through landfilling – comply with Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009. Treatment of scheduled waste – comply with Environmental Quality (Scheduled waste treatment and disposal facilities ) Regulations 1989

24. A SSIGNMENT Submit by Monday of week 15 Questions: 1) Demonstrate stages in the life cycle of a product. Give an example of product life cycle (excluding example in the lecture note) 2) List all environmental regulations (Malaysia) related to waste treatment and management.