China - Physical Geographically isolated Geographically isolated Slightly larger than the United States Slightly larger than the United States Sloped, towering mountains in the west to flood plains in the East Sloped, towering mountains in the west to flood plains in the East Lower mountains, hills, and plateaus in Central China Lower mountains, hills, and plateaus in Central China Desert in the west. Desert in the west.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

CLIMATE COMPARISON CLIMATE COMPARISON CLIMATE COMPARISON

Warm Cold Wet Dry

Ancient History Ancient Civilization developed along Huange He River Ancient Civilization developed along Huange He River Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed China as the center of the civilized world The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed China as the center of the civilized world Most advanced country in the world by 1000 ad – gun powder, printing, compass Most advanced country in the world by 1000 ad – gun powder, printing, compass Developed an inward looking, closed society Developed an inward looking, closed society Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic cycle Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic cycle

Belief systems Confucianism – teachings stressed relationships and human virtues rather than godly connections, ideas have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 years Confucianism – teachings stressed relationships and human virtues rather than godly connections, ideas have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 years Daoism (Laozi founder BC) teaches the path of true happiness lies in living in a harmonious relationship with the natural world Daoism (Laozi founder BC) teaches the path of true happiness lies in living in a harmonious relationship with the natural world Officially an atheist state – government has outlawed many religious practices Officially an atheist state – government has outlawed many religious practices

Colonial Spheres By 1800s, European technology surpassed China’s, divided China into spheres of influence By 1800s, European technology surpassed China’s, divided China into spheres of influence Forced China to trade with the west Forced China to trade with the west Western influences and natural disasters caused Chinese to rebel. Western influences and natural disasters caused Chinese to rebel.

Government Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912 Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912 Sun Yat-sen becomes president and Nationalists gain control of China by defeating local warlords Sun Yat-sen becomes president and Nationalists gain control of China by defeating local warlords Nationalists wanted a government based on Western democratic principles. Nationalists wanted a government based on Western democratic principles.

1920s Civil War Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted to modernize and westernize China Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted to modernize and westernize China Communists wanted to give more power to the workers and land to the landless peasants Communists wanted to give more power to the workers and land to the landless peasants Long March in 1935, communists fled Nationalist troops by moving northward 6,000 miles. Long March in 1935, communists fled Nationalist troops by moving northward 6,000 miles. 8,000/100,000 survived 8,000/100,000 survived Mao Zedong became the new leader of the Communists. Mao Zedong became the new leader of the Communists.

WWII Japan invaded China Japan invaded China Communists and Nationalists joined together to fight Japan Communists and Nationalists joined together to fight Japan After war ended in 1945, civil war broke out again After war ended in 1945, civil war broke out again Nationalists defeated in 1949 Nationalists defeated in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to Taiwan

Great Leap Forward into Communism Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, Wanted to change China into a modern industrial country Wanted to change China into a modern industrial country Increase the populationIncrease the population Increase production of steel, capital goods with heavy manufacturingIncrease production of steel, capital goods with heavy manufacturing Wanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming collective farms and people’s communesWanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming collective farms and people’s communes In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread famines In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread famines 20 million people died between 1958 and million people died between 1958 and 1962 Cultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to destroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customsCultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to destroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customs Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao were imprisoned, beaten, executed, silenced Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao were imprisoned, beaten, executed, silenced Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed, economy almost ruined, a generation uneducated Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed, economy almost ruined, a generation uneducated

‘Great Leap Forward’ became a ‘serious step backward’ China’s population more than doubled in 40 years China’s population more than doubled in 40 years 55 million people in 1950 to 1.1 billion in million people in 1950 to 1.1 billion in 1990 But production did not increase and China could not support a population that big But production did not increase and China could not support a population that big

Four Modernizations Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died in 1979 Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died in 1979 Improve agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense Improve agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense Was willing to consider free enterprise ideas Was willing to consider free enterprise ideas Government rented land to families who had freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 years, farmers income tripled Government rented land to families who had freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 years, farmers income tripled Switched from heavy industry to light industry, rewarded managers who found ways to produce more Switched from heavy industry to light industry, rewarded managers who found ways to produce more Special economic zones on SE coast to attract foreign companies, technology, capital, enormously successful Special economic zones on SE coast to attract foreign companies, technology, capital, enormously successful

Results Uneven growth, income gap Uneven growth, income gap Urbanization Urbanization Urban poor, crime, corrupt police Urban poor, crime, corrupt police China’s economy has quadrupled China’s economy has quadrupled Daily life improved Daily life improved

Challenges and Goals today Feeding an immense population Feeding an immense population Providing jobs Providing jobs Providing enough energy Providing enough energy Zero population growth Zero population growth Economic growth Economic growth Clean energy Clean energy

ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS 92% Han 92% Han

Language Mandarin Chinese – most commonly spoken language Mandarin Chinese – most commonly spoken language Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols represent ideas or things Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols represent ideas or things 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to read a newspaper 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to read a newspaper 20,000+ to master the language 20,000+ to master the language Symbols are pronounced differently in parts of China Symbols are pronounced differently in parts of China

Taiwan Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, mountainous Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, mountainous Free enterprise and democracy flourished Free enterprise and democracy flourished Considers itself an independent country Considers itself an independent country China considers Taiwan to be a province of China China considers Taiwan to be a province of China Relations tense Relations tense

Hong Kong Mostly uninhabited before the British used the harbor as a naval base and marina for trading ships Mostly uninhabited before the British used the harbor as a naval base and marina for trading ships 1898, British forced China to lease the land for 99 years to Britain 1898, British forced China to lease the land for 99 years to Britain Important trading and manufacturing center, attracted immigrants, traded with China Important trading and manufacturing center, attracted immigrants, traded with China Returned to China July1, 1997, has economic freedom, rulers are pro-China Returned to China July1, 1997, has economic freedom, rulers are pro-China

Mongolia Vast, dry, treeless plain, Gobi Desert and steppe Vast, dry, treeless plain, Gobi Desert and steppe Home of the Mongols and Genghis Khan Home of the Mongols and Genghis Khan Province of China until 1921, independence backed by USSR Province of China until 1921, independence backed by USSR Adopted communism in 1930s Adopted communism in 1930s Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s, still developing Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s, still developing Rural 33%, urban 67% Rural 33%, urban 67%